Hypothesis, Gathering Data, and Reliability in Research Methods
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Questions and Answers

Which term refers to the extent to which measures are consistent?

  • Inter-rater reliability (correct)
  • External validity
  • Internal validity
  • Relevance
  • What method involves understanding the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a specific culture or subculture?

  • Observational methods
  • Case studies
  • Ethnography (correct)
  • Structured interview
  • Which method of gathering data is quick and provides rich data but may lack honesty and accuracy?

  • Diary study (correct)
  • Case studies
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Structured interview
  • What type of methods include heart rate, electroencephalogram (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

    <p>Psychophysiological methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first scientific attempt to record infant development known as?

    <p>Baby diaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of observational method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention?

    <p>Naturalistic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between true experiments and quasi-experiments?

    <p>The level of control over variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to familiarize infants with a stimulus via repeated exposures?

    <p>Habituation paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Bayley Scales of Infant Development assess?

    <p>Cognitive, language, motor, adaptive behavior, and socio-emotional development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment index specifically focuses on motor skills in infants?

    <p>Psychomotor Development Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In infant research, what is the purpose of using the preference paradigms?

    <p>To observe sensory capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of high amplitude sucking in infant research?

    <p>To evaluate discrimination abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concepts of passive attention and active attention in infants?

    <p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study emphasized the differences in social and emotional development between monkeys raised with mothers and monkeys separated from mothers?

    <p>Harlow and Harlow (1965)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who conducted foundational research on habituation, which refers to a disinterest in a stimulus after multiple presentations?

    <p>Sokolov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early study focused on the training and conditioning of infants to understand size constancy?

    <p>Bower (1966)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasized the infants' relation to an object, typically the mother, as a model for future interpersonal relationships?

    <p>Object relation theory by Bowlby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early research emphasized the primary emotions that present within the first year after birth, as well as self-conscious emotions that emerge with self-awareness?

    <p>Darwin (1872)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using baby diaries in understanding infant development?

    <p>To provide insights into child-rearing practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a theory in the context of developmental psychology?

    <p>A systematic explanation designed to describe and organize events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is reliability important when choosing measures in developmental psychology research?

    <p>To maintain consistency and accuracy in measurement outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these represents a historical method used to gather data about infant development?

    <p>Baby Biographies/Diaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a hypothesis from a theory in developmental psychology?

    <p>The prediction of specific outcomes under particular conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following research methods in developmental psychology focuses on providing rich data but may lack honesty and accuracy?

    <p>Baby Biographies/Diaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the extent to which a research study measures what it claims to measure?

    <p>Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of true experiments compared to quasi-experiments in developmental psychology research?

    <p>Random assignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method commonly used to assess infant development?

    <p>Cortisol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In developmental psychology, which statement best describes a theory?

    <p>A well-supported explanation that can be tested and potentially proven wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical method emphasized the role of the mother-infant relationship as a model for future interpersonal relationships?

    <p>Naturalistic parent-infant interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention, commonly used to assess social functioning in infants?

    <p>Naturalistic parent-infant interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a hypothesis from a theory in scientific research?

    <p>A hypothesis is a testable prediction while a theory is a set of propositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the extent to which measures are consistent?

    <p>Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of self-report methods like structured interviews in developmental psychology research?

    <p>They lack honesty and accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention?

    <p>Naturalistic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the historical method used as the first scientific attempt to record infant development?

    <p>Baby diaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves understanding the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a specific culture or subculture?

    <p>Ethnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who conducted early studies that emphasized passive and active attention in infants?

    <p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early study focused on habituation, a phenomenon where infants show disinterest in a stimulus after multiple exposures?

    <p>Sokolov (1963)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional development concept was proposed by Lewis and Michalson in 1983?

    <p>Self-conscious emotion theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foundational study is associated with the concept of 'Hospitalism and anaclitic depression' due to maternal absence?

    <p>Wolf and Wolff (1947)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who conducted early research on infant social development that involved monkeys separated from mothers showing failed social and emotional development?

    <p>Harlow and Harlow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Primary emotion' was a concept introduced by which early researcher?

    <p>Darwin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of self-report methods like structured interviews in developmental psychology research?

    <p>Offer detailed records of individual development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of gathering data focuses on understanding the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a specific culture or subculture?

    <p>Ethnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes inter-rater reliability as a measure in developmental psychology research?

    <p>Consistency between different observers rating the same behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention, commonly used to assess social functioning in infants?

    <p>Naturalistic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the extent to which a research study measures what it claims to measure?

    <p>Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In developmental psychology research, what is the primary limitation of observational methods like naturalistic observation?

    <p>Potential observer influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the nature side of the nature/nurture debate emphasize on infant development?

    <p>Role of genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to early studies, what is linked to growth in self as cognitive representations?

    <p>Self-conscious emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are infants born with, according to early studies of attentional and cognitive development?

    <p>Ability to perceive their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of infant development is associated with active involvement of infants in their own development?

    <p>Self-conscious emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the nature side in the nature/nurture debate regarding infant development?

    <p>Genetic influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side of the nature/nurture debate stresses the role of environmental influences on infant development?

    <p>Nurture side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning involves associations between a behavior and a consequence?

    <p>Imitation learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to assess an infant's response to an unresponsive social partner?

    <p>Still-face procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to a reminder of a previous consequence of a particular behavior?

    <p>Reinstatement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which paradigm is used to assess an infant's attachment to the caregiver?

    <p>Strange situation assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the technique involving repeated exposures to familiarize infants with a stimulus?

    <p>High amplitude sucking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of learning do operants lead to behaviors and contingencies lead to consequences?

    <p>Contingency learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to a procedure used to examine infant’s preferences or discrimination abilities by making stimulus presentation contingent with infant’s sucking on a non-nutritive nipple?

    <p>High amplitude sucking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale assesses areas such as cognitive, language, motor, adaptive behavior, and socio-emotional development in infants?

    <p>Bayley Scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves familiarizing infants with a stimulus through repeated exposures?

    <p>Rate of habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of a true experiment compared to a quasi-experiment in developmental psychology research?

    <p>Random assignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

    <p>Preference paradigms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Habituation paradigm in infant research?

    <p>To familiarize infants with stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

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