Hypothesis, Gathering Data, and Reliability in Research Methods

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Which term refers to the extent to which measures are consistent?

Inter-rater reliability (correct)

External validity

Internal validity

Relevance

What method involves understanding the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a specific culture or subculture?

Observational methods

Case studies

Ethnography (correct)

Structured interview

Which method of gathering data is quick and provides rich data but may lack honesty and accuracy?

Diary study (correct)

Case studies

Naturalistic observation

Structured interview

What type of methods include heart rate, electroencephalogram (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Psychophysiological methods Signup and view all the answers

What was the first scientific attempt to record infant development known as?

Baby diaries Signup and view all the answers

Which type of observational method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between true experiments and quasi-experiments?

The level of control over variables Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to familiarize infants with a stimulus via repeated exposures?

Habituation paradigm Signup and view all the answers

What does the Bayley Scales of Infant Development assess?

Cognitive, language, motor, adaptive behavior, and socio-emotional development Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment index specifically focuses on motor skills in infants?

Psychomotor Development Index Signup and view all the answers

In infant research, what is the purpose of using the preference paradigms?

To observe sensory capabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of high amplitude sucking in infant research?

To evaluate discrimination abilities Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced the concepts of passive attention and active attention in infants?

William James Signup and view all the answers

Which study emphasized the differences in social and emotional development between monkeys raised with mothers and monkeys separated from mothers?

Harlow and Harlow (1965) Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted foundational research on habituation, which refers to a disinterest in a stimulus after multiple presentations?

Sokolov Signup and view all the answers

Which early study focused on the training and conditioning of infants to understand size constancy?

Bower (1966) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasized the infants' relation to an object, typically the mother, as a model for future interpersonal relationships?

Object relation theory by Bowlby Signup and view all the answers

Which early research emphasized the primary emotions that present within the first year after birth, as well as self-conscious emotions that emerge with self-awareness?

Darwin (1872) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using baby diaries in understanding infant development?

To provide insights into child-rearing practices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a theory in the context of developmental psychology?

A systematic explanation designed to describe and organize events Signup and view all the answers

Why is reliability important when choosing measures in developmental psychology research?

To maintain consistency and accuracy in measurement outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of these represents a historical method used to gather data about infant development?

Baby Biographies/Diaries Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a hypothesis from a theory in developmental psychology?

The prediction of specific outcomes under particular conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research methods in developmental psychology focuses on providing rich data but may lack honesty and accuracy?

Baby Biographies/Diaries Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the extent to which a research study measures what it claims to measure?

Validity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of true experiments compared to quasi-experiments in developmental psychology research?

Random assignment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method commonly used to assess infant development?

Cortisol levels Signup and view all the answers

In developmental psychology, which statement best describes a theory?

A well-supported explanation that can be tested and potentially proven wrong Signup and view all the answers

What historical method emphasized the role of the mother-infant relationship as a model for future interpersonal relationships?

Naturalistic parent-infant interactions Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention, commonly used to assess social functioning in infants?

Naturalistic parent-infant interactions Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a hypothesis from a theory in scientific research?

A hypothesis is a testable prediction while a theory is a set of propositions. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the extent to which measures are consistent?

Reliability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of self-report methods like structured interviews in developmental psychology research?

They lack honesty and accuracy. Signup and view all the answers

Which observation method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

What was the historical method used as the first scientific attempt to record infant development?

Baby diaries Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves understanding the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a specific culture or subculture?

Ethnography Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted early studies that emphasized passive and active attention in infants?

William James Signup and view all the answers

Which early study focused on habituation, a phenomenon where infants show disinterest in a stimulus after multiple exposures?

Sokolov (1963) Signup and view all the answers

What emotional development concept was proposed by Lewis and Michalson in 1983?

Self-conscious emotion theory Signup and view all the answers

Which foundational study is associated with the concept of 'Hospitalism and anaclitic depression' due to maternal absence?

Wolf and Wolff (1947) Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted early research on infant social development that involved monkeys separated from mothers showing failed social and emotional development?

Harlow and Harlow Signup and view all the answers

'Primary emotion' was a concept introduced by which early researcher?

Darwin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of self-report methods like structured interviews in developmental psychology research?

Offer detailed records of individual development Signup and view all the answers

Which method of gathering data focuses on understanding the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a specific culture or subculture?

Ethnography Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes inter-rater reliability as a measure in developmental psychology research?

Consistency between different observers rating the same behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which type of method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention, commonly used to assess social functioning in infants?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the extent to which a research study measures what it claims to measure?

Validity Signup and view all the answers

In developmental psychology research, what is the primary limitation of observational methods like naturalistic observation?

Potential observer influence Signup and view all the answers

What does the nature side of the nature/nurture debate emphasize on infant development?

Role of genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

According to early studies, what is linked to growth in self as cognitive representations?

Self-conscious emotions Signup and view all the answers

What are infants born with, according to early studies of attentional and cognitive development?

Ability to perceive their environment Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of infant development is associated with active involvement of infants in their own development?

Self-conscious emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the nature side in the nature/nurture debate regarding infant development?

Genetic influences Signup and view all the answers

Which side of the nature/nurture debate stresses the role of environmental influences on infant development?

Nurture side Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning involves associations between a behavior and a consequence?

Imitation learning Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to assess an infant's response to an unresponsive social partner?

Still-face procedure Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to a reminder of a previous consequence of a particular behavior?

Reinstatement Signup and view all the answers

Which paradigm is used to assess an infant's attachment to the caregiver?

Strange situation assessment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the technique involving repeated exposures to familiarize infants with a stimulus?

High amplitude sucking Signup and view all the answers

In which type of learning do operants lead to behaviors and contingencies lead to consequences?

Contingency learning Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to a procedure used to examine infant’s preferences or discrimination abilities by making stimulus presentation contingent with infant’s sucking on a non-nutritive nipple?

High amplitude sucking Signup and view all the answers

Which scale assesses areas such as cognitive, language, motor, adaptive behavior, and socio-emotional development in infants?

Bayley Scales Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves familiarizing infants with a stimulus through repeated exposures?

Rate of habituation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of a true experiment compared to a quasi-experiment in developmental psychology research?

Random assignment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

Preference paradigms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Habituation paradigm in infant research?

To familiarize infants with stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Hypothesis, Gathering Data, and Reliability in Research Methods

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Questions and Answers

Which term refers to the extent to which measures are consistent?

What method involves understanding the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a specific culture or subculture?

Which method of gathering data is quick and provides rich data but may lack honesty and accuracy?

What type of methods include heart rate, electroencephalogram (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

What was the first scientific attempt to record infant development known as?

Which type of observational method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention?

What is the main difference between true experiments and quasi-experiments?

Which technique is used to familiarize infants with a stimulus via repeated exposures?

What does the Bayley Scales of Infant Development assess?

Which assessment index specifically focuses on motor skills in infants?

In infant research, what is the purpose of using the preference paradigms?

What is the primary purpose of high amplitude sucking in infant research?

Who introduced the concepts of passive attention and active attention in infants?

Which study emphasized the differences in social and emotional development between monkeys raised with mothers and monkeys separated from mothers?

Who conducted foundational research on habituation, which refers to a disinterest in a stimulus after multiple presentations?

Which early study focused on the training and conditioning of infants to understand size constancy?

Which theory emphasized the infants' relation to an object, typically the mother, as a model for future interpersonal relationships?

Which early research emphasized the primary emotions that present within the first year after birth, as well as self-conscious emotions that emerge with self-awareness?

What is the primary purpose of using baby diaries in understanding infant development?

Which of the following best defines a theory in the context of developmental psychology?

Why is reliability important when choosing measures in developmental psychology research?

Which of these represents a historical method used to gather data about infant development?

What distinguishes a hypothesis from a theory in developmental psychology?

Which of the following research methods in developmental psychology focuses on providing rich data but may lack honesty and accuracy?

Which term refers to the extent to which a research study measures what it claims to measure?

What is the primary focus of true experiments compared to quasi-experiments in developmental psychology research?

Which of the following is NOT a method commonly used to assess infant development?

In developmental psychology, which statement best describes a theory?

What historical method emphasized the role of the mother-infant relationship as a model for future interpersonal relationships?

Which method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention, commonly used to assess social functioning in infants?

What distinguishes a hypothesis from a theory in scientific research?

Which term refers to the extent to which measures are consistent?

What is the primary limitation of self-report methods like structured interviews in developmental psychology research?

Which observation method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention?

What was the historical method used as the first scientific attempt to record infant development?

Which method involves understanding the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a specific culture or subculture?

Who conducted early studies that emphasized passive and active attention in infants?

Which early study focused on habituation, a phenomenon where infants show disinterest in a stimulus after multiple exposures?

What emotional development concept was proposed by Lewis and Michalson in 1983?

Which foundational study is associated with the concept of 'Hospitalism and anaclitic depression' due to maternal absence?

Who conducted early research on infant social development that involved monkeys separated from mothers showing failed social and emotional development?

'Primary emotion' was a concept introduced by which early researcher?

What is the primary advantage of self-report methods like structured interviews in developmental psychology research?

Which method of gathering data focuses on understanding the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a specific culture or subculture?

What distinguishes inter-rater reliability as a measure in developmental psychology research?

Which type of method involves observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention, commonly used to assess social functioning in infants?

Which term refers to the extent to which a research study measures what it claims to measure?

In developmental psychology research, what is the primary limitation of observational methods like naturalistic observation?

What does the nature side of the nature/nurture debate emphasize on infant development?

According to early studies, what is linked to growth in self as cognitive representations?

What are infants born with, according to early studies of attentional and cognitive development?

Which aspect of infant development is associated with active involvement of infants in their own development?

What is the focus of the nature side in the nature/nurture debate regarding infant development?

Which side of the nature/nurture debate stresses the role of environmental influences on infant development?

What type of learning involves associations between a behavior and a consequence?

What method is used to assess an infant's response to an unresponsive social partner?

What term refers to a reminder of a previous consequence of a particular behavior?

Which paradigm is used to assess an infant's attachment to the caregiver?

What is the primary focus of the technique involving repeated exposures to familiarize infants with a stimulus?

In which type of learning do operants lead to behaviors and contingencies lead to consequences?

What term refers to a procedure used to examine infant’s preferences or discrimination abilities by making stimulus presentation contingent with infant’s sucking on a non-nutritive nipple?

Which scale assesses areas such as cognitive, language, motor, adaptive behavior, and socio-emotional development in infants?

Which technique involves familiarizing infants with a stimulus through repeated exposures?

What is the main focus of a true experiment compared to a quasi-experiment in developmental psychology research?

Which of the following is NOT typically assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

What is the primary purpose of the Habituation paradigm in infant research?

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