Research Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of acquiring knowledge?

  • Empiricism
  • Tenacity
  • Intuition
  • Observation (correct)

How is a hypothesis best described?

  • An opinion based on anecdotal evidence.
  • A fact established through empirical evidence.
  • An untestable assumption about future events.
  • A testable prediction about the natural world. (correct)

What is the main objective of the introduction section in a research report?

  • To outline the research question and review relevant literature. (correct)
  • To evaluate the results obtained from the study.
  • To present the statistical methodologies used in the research.
  • To analyze and present the data collected.

Where would you locate the methodology of a research study?

<p>Method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of observation involves the manipulation of environmental factors by researchers?

<p>Experimental observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scale is employed for measuring attitudes on a continuum from strongly agree to strongly disagree?

<p>Likert scale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a physiological measure?

<p>Self-reported stress levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Test-retest reliability evaluates which aspect of a measure?

<p>Stability of the measure over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does simple random sampling ensure?

<p>Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a probability sampling technique?

<p>Convenience sampling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Informed consent requires which of the following?

<p>Ensuring participants understand the study's purpose and potential risks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does replication in research primarily involve?

<p>Both A and B. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

External validity is concerned with which aspect of research findings?

<p>The extent to which findings can be generalized to other populations and settings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does internal validity focus on?

<p>The extent to which results are due to the manipulated variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A correlational design primarily investigates what type of relationship?

<p>The relationship between variables without manipulating any. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a confounding variable?

<p>A variable that obscures the relationship between independent and dependent variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a true experiment involve?

<p>Manipulating an independent variable and measuring a dependent variable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an independent groups design, how are participants assigned to conditions?

<p>Different participants are randomly assigned to different conditions of the independent variable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design has the same participants experiencing all conditions of the independent variable?

<p>Repeated measures design. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a quasi-experimental design from other experimental designs?

<p>It lacks random assignment to conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a non-experimental research design?

<p>True experimental design. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of the scientific method?

<p>Generating a research question. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a literature review in a research report?

<p>To provide an overview of the existing research on the topic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a step in the scientific method?

<p>Observing a phenomenon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a dependent variable?

<p>The variable that is measured and expected to change in response to the independent variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'operational definition' in research?

<p>A precise definition of a variable in terms of how it is measured or manipulated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider the limitations of a study?

<p>To provide a more balanced and accurate interpretation of the results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a population and a sample in research?

<p>The population is the entire group of interest, while the sample is a subset of that group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a research question?

<p>To guide the research process and focus the investigation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'peer review' in the context of academic publishing?

<p>A process where research papers are evaluated by experts in the field before publication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the discussion section in a research report?

<p>To interpret the findings, discuss their implications, and address limitations of the study. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pseudoscience' refer to?

<p>A system of beliefs or practices that are mistakenly regarded as scientific. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of an abstract in a research report?

<p>To summarize the study's main points, including the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to cite sources correctly in a research report?

<p>To avoid plagiarism and give credit to the original authors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key principle of ethical research?

<p>Participants must be fully informed about the study's purpose and procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher uses a convenience sample. What is a limitation of this approach?

<p>The sample may not be representative of the target population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary source in research?

<p>An original research article that reports the results of a study. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes descriptive statistics from inferential statistics?

<p>Descriptive statistics summarize data, while inferential statistics draw conclusions about a population based on sample data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of literature review in research?

<p>To provide an overview of the existing research on the topic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a control group in an experiment?

<p>To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is criterion-related validity?

<p>The accuracy in predicting an individual's performance based on their characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding ethical research conduct?

<p>Participants must be informed about any potential risks involved in the study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for participants to be fully informed about a study's purpose?

<p>To ensure they can make an informed decision about their involvement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does random sampling ensure in research?

<p>That every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a variable that influences both independent and dependent variables?

<p>Confounding variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stated as a goal of repeating a study?

<p>To verify the findings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term Likert scale?

<p>A rating scale used to measure attitudes or opinions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Simple Random Sampling

A sampling method where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. It ensures unbiased representation of the population in the sample.

Probability Sampling

Sampling methods where every member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected. This allows for generalizability of results.

Convenience Sampling

A non-probability sampling technique where participants are selected based on their accessibility and ease of recruitment.

Informed Consent

A process that ensures participants understand the purpose, risks, and benefits of a research study before agreeing to participate.

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Replication

Repeating a research study to verify its findings and assess the reliability and generalizability of the results.

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External Validity

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, and times.

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Internal Validity

The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the independent variable and not to other factors.

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Confounding Variable

A variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables, potentially obscuring the true relationship between them.

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Ways of Gathering Knowledge

The text discusses several methods for acquiring knowledge, including tenacity, intuition, authority, empiricism, and deduction. Tenacity involves accepting information based on repetition or tradition, while intuition relies on personal feelings and beliefs. Authority refers to accepting knowledge from a respected source. Empiricism emphasizes observation and experience, whereas deduction involves logical reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.

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Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a testable statement about how the natural world operates or is structured. It's a prediction that can be supported or refuted through scientific investigation.

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Research Report Introduction

The introduction of a research report lays the foundation for the study. It reviews relevant existing literature, presents the research question or hypothesis, and highlights the study's significance.

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Research Report Method Section

The method section provides a detailed account of how the study was conducted. It outlines the participants, procedures, materials, and data collection techniques used.

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Structured Observation

A type of observation where researchers intentionally manipulate the environment to observe behavior. They create a structured setting to elicit specific actions and responses.

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Likert Scale

A Likert scale is a measurement tool used to gauge attitudes, opinions, or beliefs on a continuum. It presents a series of statements with a range of responses, typically from strongly agree to strongly disagree.

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Physiological Measures

Physiological measures focus on bodily responses to understand psychological states. They include quantifiable indicators like heart rate, brain activity, hormone levels, and skin conductance.

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Test-Retest Reliability

Test-retest reliability assesses the consistency of a measure over time. It examines whether the same measure administered on different occasions yields similar results.

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True Experiment

A research design where the researcher manipulates an independent variable and measures its effect on a dependent variable, while controlling for extraneous variables.

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Independent Groups Design

A type of experimental design where different participants are randomly assigned to different conditions of the independent variable.

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Repeated Measures Design

A type of experimental design where the same participants experience all conditions of the independent variable.

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Quasi-Experiment

A research design that resembles a true experiment but lacks random assignment of participants to conditions.

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Non-Experimental Design

A research design that does not involve manipulation of an independent variable and random assignment of participants to conditions.

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Scientific Method

A systematic approach to research involving generating a research question, formulating a hypothesis, gathering data, and interpreting results.

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Literature Review

A comprehensive summary of existing research on a topic, providing context and background for a study.

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Purpose of Literature Review

To provide an overview of the existing research on the topic, framing the study's significance and contributing to knowledge.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured and expected to change in response to the independent variable. It is the outcome or effect being studied.

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Operational Definition

A precise definition of a variable in terms of how it is measured or manipulated. It makes the variable concrete and measurable.

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Study Limitations

Aspects of a study that restrict its scope and generalizability of the findings. They are potential weaknesses that need to be acknowledged.

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Population vs. Sample

The population is the entire group of interest, while the sample is a subset of that group selected to represent the population.

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Pseudoscience

A system of beliefs or practices mistakenly presented as scientific, lacking rigorous scientific methodology and evidence.

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Abstract (in research)

A brief summary of a research report, outlining its purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.

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Research Question

The overarching question that guides the research process. It clarifies the purpose and focus of the investigation.

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Why cite sources?

To avoid plagiarism by giving credit to the original authors and to allow readers to verify information.

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Peer Review

A process where research papers are evaluated by experts in the field before publication. It ensures quality and scientific rigor.

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Discussion Section

The section of a research report where the findings are interpreted, their implications discussed, and limitations of the study are acknowledged.

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Ethical research principle

Participants must be fully informed about the study's purpose and procedures before they agree to participate.

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Convenience sampling limitation

The sample may not be representative of the target population, leading to biased results.

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Control Variable

A variable that is held constant throughout the study. It minimizes the influence of extraneous factors on the results.

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Primary source

An original research article that reports the results of a study, providing firsthand information.

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Control group in experiments

A group that doesn't receive the experimental treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison with the treated group.

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Offering recommendations for future research

Suggesting potential areas for further investigation based on the findings of a current research study.

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Descriptive Statistics

Summarize data using measures like mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation.

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Inferential Statistics

Draw conclusions about a population based on a sample's data. Used to make generalizations about a larger group.

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Sampling

Selecting a subset of a population to study, aiming to represent the entire population.

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Random Sampling

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, ensuring the sample's representation of the population.

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Study Notes

Question 1

  • Tenacity, intuition, deduction, authority, and empiricism are methods of gathering knowledge
  • Authority is NOT a way of gathering knowledge discussed in the text

Question 2

  • A hypothesis is a testable statement about the natural world
  • It is a prediction, not a proven fact

Question 3

  • The introduction section of a research report presents the research question and hypothesis, and reviews existing literature

Question 4

  • A detailed description of the study's methodology is found in the method section of a research report

Question 5

  • Structured observation involves researchers actively manipulating the environment.

Question 6

  • A Likert scale is used to measure attitudes

Question 7

  • Physiological measures include heart rate, brain activity, hormone levels, and skin conductance.
  • Self-reported anxiety levels are NOT a type of physiological measure.

Question 8

  • Test-retest reliability measures how consistent a measure is over time

Question 9

  • Predictive validity shows how well one measure correlates with a pre-existing criterion.

Question 10

  • Sampling is used in research to reduce the time and cost of data collection.
  • The goal is to make inferences about a population based on a smaller subset

Question 11

  • Simple random sampling ensures each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Question 12

  • Convenience sampling is NOT a probability sampling technique

Question 13

  • Informed consent involves ensuring participants understand the study's purpose and potential risks, and allowing them to withdraw at any time

Question 14

  • Replication in research involves repeating a study to verify findings using different methods

Question 15

  • External validity concerns the generalizability of study findings to other populations and settings

Question 16

  • Internal validity focuses on whether study results are due to the manipulated variable

Question 17

  • A correlational design examines relationships between variables without manipulating them

Question 18

  • A confounding variable influences both the independent and dependent variables, often obscuring their true relationship

Question 19

  • In a true experiment, researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable

Question 20

  • Independent groups design involves assigning different participants to different conditions

Question 21

  • Repeated measures design involves the same participants experiencing all conditions of the independent variable

Question 22

  • Quasi-experimental designs lack random assignment to conditions

Question 23

  • True experimental design is NOT a type of non-experimental research design

Question 24

  • The scientific method involves generating a research question, formulating a hypothesis, collecting data, and interpreting results

Question 25

  • A literature review summarizes existing research on a topic

Question 26

  • Pseudoscience refers to a system of beliefs that are mistakenly regarded as scientific

Question 27

  • An abstract summarizes the key aspects of a research report, including the purpose, methods, results, and conclusion

Question 28

  • Citing sources correctly avoids plagiarism and gives credit to original authors

Question 29

  • Ethical research requires fully informing participants about the study and its procedures

Question 30

  • Convenience sampling may not be representative of the intended population

Question 31

  • A primary source is an original research article reporting study findings

Question 32

  • A control group in an experiment provides a baseline for comparing outcomes to the experimental group

Question 33

  • A dependent variable is measured and expected to change in response to an independent variable

Question 34

  • Operational definition is a precise definition of a variable, specifying how it is measured or manipulated

Question 35

  • Acknowledging study limitations improves the accuracy of results interpretation.

Question 36

  • The population is the entire group of interest, while a sample is a portion of the population

Question 37

  • A research question guides the investigation and focuses research efforts

Question 38

  • Peer review is a process where experts evaluate research papers before publication

Question 39

  • The discussion section interprets findings, evaluates implications, and addresses study limitations

Question 40

  • Descriptive statistics summarize data, while inferential statistics draw conclusions about a larger population based on sample data

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in research methods, including hypothesis formation, methodologies, and data measurement techniques. This quiz covers essential aspects that play a crucial role in conducting scientific research.

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