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Questions and Answers
How many loops form the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
How many loops form the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
- 4 loops
- 1 loop
- 3 loops
- 2 loops (correct)
What is the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
What is the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
- Assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
- Feedback loops associated with each hormone
- Production of hormones (correct)
- Blood supply and nervous innervation
Which blood vessels supply the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
Which blood vessels supply the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
- Sinusoidal capillaries
- Superior and inferior hypophysial arteries (correct)
- Internal carotid artery
- Long portal veins
Where does the blood from the primary plexus drain into?
Where does the blood from the primary plexus drain into?
What is the connection between the two plexuses of capillaries called?
What is the connection between the two plexuses of capillaries called?
Which part of the pituitary gland secretes releasing hormones?
Which part of the pituitary gland secretes releasing hormones?
What is the target tissue for Growth Hormone (GH)?
What is the target tissue for Growth Hormone (GH)?
What hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol?
What hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol?
Which hormone is responsible for the production of milk in the breast?
Which hormone is responsible for the production of milk in the breast?
What is the primary function of prolactin?
What is the primary function of prolactin?
Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and triggers muscular contractions during childbirth?
Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and triggers muscular contractions during childbirth?
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?
Which hormone promotes the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)?
Which hormone promotes the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)?
Which part of the brain secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Which part of the brain secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Which hormone is responsible for the condition known as acromegaly?
Which hormone is responsible for the condition known as acromegaly?
Which hormone is hypersecreted in Cushing's syndrome?
Which hormone is hypersecreted in Cushing's syndrome?
What is the primary treatment for acromegaly?
What is the primary treatment for acromegaly?
What condition is caused by the hypersecretion of Growth Hormone during childhood?
What condition is caused by the hypersecretion of Growth Hormone during childhood?
What is the visual defect known as bitemporal hemianopia associated with?
What is the visual defect known as bitemporal hemianopia associated with?
What test is used to assess the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?
What test is used to assess the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?
Which region of the brain is located below the corpus callosum?
Which region of the brain is located below the corpus callosum?
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
Which part of the pituitary gland receives direct innervation from the terminals of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei?
Which part of the pituitary gland receives direct innervation from the terminals of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei?
Which arteries supply blood to the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis?
Which arteries supply blood to the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis?
Which plexus of capillaries facilitates the easier movement of large molecules in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis?
Which plexus of capillaries facilitates the easier movement of large molecules in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis?
Which part of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis doesn't receive direct innervation?
Which part of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis doesn't receive direct innervation?
Which part of the brain is the hypothalamus located in?
Which part of the brain is the hypothalamus located in?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
Which gland is divided into two lobes, the posterior and anterior lobes?
Which gland is divided into two lobes, the posterior and anterior lobes?
What is the role of the posterior pituitary gland?
What is the role of the posterior pituitary gland?
Which hormone is responsible for the production of milk in the breast?
Which hormone is responsible for the production of milk in the breast?
What hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol?
What hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol?
What is the primary function of prolactin?
What is the primary function of prolactin?
What hormone promotes the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)?
What hormone promotes the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)?
Which structure is located just below the corpus callosum?
Which structure is located just below the corpus callosum?
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
What is the purpose of the sinusoidal nature of the capillary beds in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
What is the purpose of the sinusoidal nature of the capillary beds in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
Where does the majority of the blood supply to the pituitary gland come from?
Where does the majority of the blood supply to the pituitary gland come from?
Which hormone is secreted in response to growth hormone releasing hormone through releasing hormone right at the start?
Which hormone is secreted in response to growth hormone releasing hormone through releasing hormone right at the start?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing the amount of energy obtained from glucose in the liver?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing the amount of energy obtained from glucose in the liver?
What condition can occur if the regulatory pathway for growth hormone is perturbed?
What condition can occur if the regulatory pathway for growth hormone is perturbed?
Which hormone is produced in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone and eventually leads to the production of cortisol?
Which hormone is produced in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone and eventually leads to the production of cortisol?
Which type of capillaries are found in the pituitary gland?
Which type of capillaries are found in the pituitary gland?
Where is the pituitary gland located in the brain?
Where is the pituitary gland located in the brain?
Which nuclei are responsible for projecting nerve terminals into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Which nuclei are responsible for projecting nerve terminals into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Where are hormones secreted from in the pituitary gland?
Where are hormones secreted from in the pituitary gland?
Which hormone is responsible for the production of testosterone in biological males?
Which hormone is responsible for the production of testosterone in biological males?
What is the primary function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
What is the primary function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Which hormone is responsible for the condition known as hypothyroidism?
Which hormone is responsible for the condition known as hypothyroidism?
What is the effect of cortisol on the immune system?
What is the effect of cortisol on the immune system?
Which part of the brain is NOT involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
Which part of the brain is NOT involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
What is the main function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
What is the main function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
What is the role of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
What is the role of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?
What is the primary treatment for acromegaly?
What is the primary treatment for acromegaly?
Study Notes
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
- The hypothalamic-pituitary axis is composed of two loops: the short portal vessel loop and the long portal vessel loop
- The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces and secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions
Blood Supply
- The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are supplied by the superior and interior hypophysial arteries
- The primary plexus of capillaries drains into the portal veins, which then drain into the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Connection
- The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are connected by the pituitary stalk
- The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones that stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to produce and secrete hormones
Hormones and Functions
- Growth Hormone (GH) targets the liver, stimulating the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol
- Prolactin is responsible for the production of milk in the breast and has a secondary function in osmoregulation
- Oxytocin triggers muscular contractions during childbirth
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) regulates the production of thyroid hormones
Pituitary Gland
- The pituitary gland is divided into two lobes: the anterior lobe, which produces and secretes hormones, and the posterior lobe, which stores and releases hormones
- The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland receives direct innervation from the terminals of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
Hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus is located in the diencephalon region of the brain
- The primary function of the hypothalamus is to regulate body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other basic bodily functions
Other
- Acromegaly is caused by the hypersecretion of Growth Hormone in adults
- Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone during childhood can cause gigantism
- Bitemporal hemianopia is a visual defect associated with pituitary gland tumors
- The metyrapone test is used to assess the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and function of the hypothalamus and its associated structures. Learn about the anterior and posterior lobes, as well as the important role of the infundibulum. Explore topics such as blood supply, plexuses, and sinusoidal capillaries.
