Hypothalamic Kisspeptin and Sexual Maturation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary hormone produced by the theca cells in the female reproductive system?

  • Androgen (correct)
  • Estrogen
  • Testosterone
  • Progesterone

What type of peptides are gonadotrophins?

  • Homodimeric peptides
  • Triodetic peptides
  • Heterodimeric peptides (correct)
  • Monomeric peptides

What is the role of LH in the ovaries?

  • It acts on the granulosa cells, promoting follicular growth and maturation
  • It triggers an LH surge, which leads to ovulation
  • It acts on the theca cells, causing them to produce androgens (correct)
  • It induces aromatase, an enzyme that converts androgens to estrogen

Where is Kisspeptin expressed in the hypothalamus?

<p>The arcuate nucleus and AVPV regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the active peptide in GnRH?

<p>10 aa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GnRH in regulating reproductive function?

<p>It stimulates the release of both LH and FSH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Kisspeptin?

<p>A biologically inactive intermediate prepropeptide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of GnRH analogues?

<p>They block the activity of the natural hormone GnRH in the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

GnRH analogues mimic or block the activity of the natural hormone GnRH in the __________.

<p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GnRH in the body?

<p>It activates a signaling pathway leading to the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gonadotrophins consist of a common a-subunit and a hormone-specific beta subunit, which are ____________.

<p>heterodimeric peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Leydig cells in the testes?

<p>To control spermatogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often is GnRH secreted?

<p>Every 30-120 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical purposes can GnRH analogues be used for?

<p>For a variety of clinical purposes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of FSH in the testes?

<p>To establish a Sertoli cell population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GAP in GnRH?

<p>Maybe prolactin secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone triggers the expression of the enzyme aromatase in granulosa cells?

<p>FSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the alpha subunits in gonadotrophins?

<p>Limit hormone concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic motif of Kisspeptin peptides?

<p>Arh-Phe-NH2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Kisspeptin neurons?

<p>To stimulate the synthesis and release of GnRH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gonadotrophins have N-linked carbohydrate side chains (O-linked in hCG), which may vary through the menstrual cycle or ____________.

<p>pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do GnRH analogues work as agonists?

<p>They downregulate the GnRH pituitary response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of FSH in the testes?

<p>It is necessary for the establishment of a normal population of Sertoli cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

GnRH analogues can be used for a variety of __________ purposes.

<p>clinical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Free subunits of gonadotrophins have no ____________.

<p>biological action</p> Signup and view all the answers

In women, what conditions can GnRH analogues be used to treat?

<p>Endometriosis and uterine fibroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between intra-testicular testosterone levels and plasma levels?

<p>Intra-testicular levels are 100x higher than plasma levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the testes are responsible for the production of testosterone?

<p>Leydig cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the signal peptide in GnRH?

<p>Coordinates GnRH release from the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In women, GnRH analogues can stimulate __________ for fertility treatments.

<p>ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the gonads in males and females?

<p>Ovaries in females and testes in males (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a slower frequency of GnRH pulses?

<p>It favors the release of FSH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrate side chains do gonadotrophins have?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is fully activated by Kisspeptin peptides?

<p>KISS1 receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy?

<p>Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using GnRH agonists in the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers?

<p>They downregulate the GnRH pituitary response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a faster frequency of GnRH pulses?

<p>It favors the release of LH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of estrogen in the menstrual cycle?

<p>It triggers an LH surge, which leads to ovulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the peptide that is 56 aa in length in GnRH?

<p>GAP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do GnRH antagonists work?

<p>They bind to the GnRH receptor and block it from activation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In men, what condition can GnRH analogues be used to treat?

<p>Prostate cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

GnRH analogues can treat conditions like endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and certain types of __________ cancer in women.

<p>breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the conversion of androgens to estrogens occur in the female reproductive system?

<p>Granulosa cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The alpha subunits of gonadotrophins are synthesised in excess, with beta subunit production limiting the hormone ____________.

<p>concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the secretion of gonadotrophins?

<p>Pulsatile GnRH release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the testes contain FSH receptors?

<p>Sertoli cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of endopeptidases in GnRH?

<p>Cleave the active 10 amino acid peptide from GAP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using GnRH antagonists in infertility treatment?

<p>To rapidly suppress the HPGA activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme converts androgens to estrogen?

<p>Aromatase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the mature follicle releases the oocyte?

<p>Ovulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aromatase in the testes?

<p>To convert androgens to oestrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using GnRH analogues during chemotherapy?

<p>They can protect the gonads from damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In men, GnRH analogues can treat __________ cancer by reducing testosterone production.

<p>prostate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The secretion of gonadotrophins is pulsatile due to the pulsatile GnRH release from the hypothalamus, however pulsatile secretion of the gonadotrophins isn’t necessary for their ____________.

<p>biological function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when GnRH is continuously released?

<p>It inhibits the release of LH and FSH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about free subunits of gonadotrophins?

<p>They have no biological action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chains of N-linked carbohydrates side chains in gonadotrophins may vary through the menstrual cycle or ____________.

<p>pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

GnRH analogues can protect the __________ from damage during chemotherapy.

<p>gonads</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the theca cells to produce androgens?

<p>LH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the testes contain LH receptors?

<p>Leydig cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of FSH in the ovaries?

<p>It acts on the granulosa cells, promoting follicular growth and maturation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle coordinates GnRH release from the cell?

<p>Golgi apparatus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the carbohydrate side chains of gonadotrophins vary?

<p>They vary through the menstrual cycle or pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can GnRH analogues be used to treat all types of breast cancer?

<p>No (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland responds more effectively to a slower frequency of GnRH pulses for the release of FSH?

<p>Pituitary gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the HPGA?

<p>Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between androgens and Sertoli cell function?

<p>Androgens cross over to and stimulate Sertoli cell function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed from the remaining follicular cells after ovulation?

<p>Corpus luteum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of gonadotrophins?

<p>Heterodimeric peptides with a common alpha subunit and a hormone-specific beta subunit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is synthetic GnRH different from natural GnRH?

<p>It has a different structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hormone-specific beta subunit of gonadotrophins is responsible for the hormone's ____________.

<p>specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of GnRH secretion?

<p>Hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GnRH in the body?

<p>Stimulate ovulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is necessary for the maintenance of male sex characteristics?

<p>Testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This can help preserve fertility and hormone production in cancer patients undergoing __________.

<p>treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do GnRH analogues stimulate ovulation in women?

<p>By mimicking the natural hormone GnRH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of testosterone in prostate cancer?

<p>It can stimulate the growth of prostate cancer cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

GnRH analogues can be used to treat __________ in women.

<p>endometriosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The alpha subunits of gonadotrophins are synthesised in ____________.

<p>excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of pulsatile secretion of GnRH on reproductive function?

<p>It regulates reproductive function in both males and females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of progestogens in the testes?

<p>To produce cholesterol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation?

<p>Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the site where endopeptidases cleave the active peptide from GAP?

<p>P site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the necessary condition for the biological function of gonadotrophins?

<p>Pulsatile secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the testes are responsible for controlling spermatogenesis?

<p>Sertoli cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the gonadotropins synthesized and secreted by the pituitary gland in response to GnRH?

<p>LH and FSH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of androgens in the ovaries?

<p>They act on the theca cells, causing them to produce androgens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the GAP peptide in GnRH?

<p>56 aa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of LH and FSH in reproductive function?

<p>They stimulate the release of testosterone in males and estrogen in females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GnRH activate a signaling pathway?

<p>By binding to the GnRH receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In men, GnRH analogues can also be used to treat __________.

<p>infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

The secretion of gonadotrophins is ____________ due to the pulsatile GnRH release from the hypothalamus.

<p>pulsatile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the beta subunit in gonadotrophins?

<p>It is hormone-specific (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of androgens in sperm production?

<p>To initiate and maintain sperm production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can GnRH analogues be used to treat uterine cancer?

<p>No (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone do granulosa cells have receptors for?

<p>FSH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone ultimately triggers ovulation?

<p>LH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the carbohydrate side chains of gonadotrophins and hCG?

<p>Gonadotrophins have N-linked carbohydrate side chains while hCG has O-linked carbohydrate side chains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pulsatile secretion of gonadotrophins isn’t necessary for their ____________.

<p>biological function</p> Signup and view all the answers

By reducing testosterone production, GnRH analogues can also be used to treat __________ in men.

<p>hirsutism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to GnRH after it binds to the GnRH receptor?

<p>It dissociates from the receptor and waits for the next pulse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can GnRH analogues be used to treat all types of endometriosis?

<p>No (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the frequency of GnRH pulses affect the release of LH and FSH?

<p>A faster frequency favors the release of LH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the active peptide in GnRH?

<p>10 aa peptide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?

<p>Produce progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for establishing a quantitatively normal Sertoli cell population?

<p>FSH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is responsible for the degeneration of the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

<p>Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when fertilization and implantation of a fertilized egg occur?

<p>Implantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • Hypothalamic Kisspeptin regulates the HPG axis and sexual maturation.
  • Kisspeptin is a protein encoded by the Kiss1 gene.
  • It is expressed in the arcuate nucleus and AVPV regions of the hypothalamus.
  • These regions control GnRH neurons, which release LH and FSH from the pituitary gland.
  • Kisspeptin neurons stimulate the synthesis and release of GnRH.
  • GnRH travels to the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of LH and FSH.
  • LH and FSH stimulate the gonads to produce and release sex hormones.
  • In females, the gonads are ovaries.
  • In males, the gonads are testes.
  • Sex hormones include estrogen and testosterone.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the role of Hypothalamic Kisspeptin in regulating the HPG axis and sexual maturation. Learn about the Kiss1 gene, the regions of the hypothalamus that control GnRH neurons, and how Kisspeptin stimulates the synthesis and release of GnRH. Explore the effects of LH and FSH on the gonads, and the production and release of sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. This quiz is perfect for anyone interested in endocrinology and

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