10 Questions
Which hormone is the dominant hormone responsible for the luteal phase cycle among females?
Progesterone
What is the primary secretory product of the ovary including estrogen?
Progesterone
What is the precursor of Estrone (E1) and Estriol (E3)?
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Which natural steroid is produced by the human fetal liver?
Estetrol (E4)
Which hormone is the most abundant in premenopausal women?
Progesterone
What is the principal androgen formed by the adrenal cortex?
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
In females, which cells mainly produce Progesterone?
Granulose (lutein) cells of corpus luteum
'Testicular Feminization Syndrome' is mainly associated with:
'Athlete's Triad'
'Ghrelin' hormone is best known for:
'Stimulating appetite'
'Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome' is linked to which gland?
'Pineal gland'
Study Notes
Hypothalamic Hormones
- Produced by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
- Characterized by pulsatility and cyclicity
- Hypothalamic hormones include:
- Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
- Growth-Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
- Somatostatin
- Dopamine (Prolactin Inhibitory Factor)
Pituitary Gland
- Located in the sella turcica or Turkish saddle
- Divided into two regions: Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis
- Produces and regulates various hormones, including:
- Anterior pituitary hormones:
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH)
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Prolactin
- Posterior pituitary hormones:
- Vasopressin (ADH)
- Oxytocin
- Anterior pituitary hormones:
Pineal Gland
- Produces melatonin, which decreases pigmentation of the skin
- Melatonin is a marker of the phase of internal circadian clock
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Target organs and functions:
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Gonads, reproductive function
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Gonads, reproductive function
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Thyroid gland, release of thyroid hormones
- Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH): Adrenal gland, release of adrenal hormones
- Growth Hormone (GH): Multiple, growth and healing
- Prolactin: Breast, lactation, labor, and parturition
Parathyroid Hormone
- Primary role: Regulates plasma calcium concentration to prevent hypocalcemia
- Promotes bone resorption and renal reabsorption of calcium
- Stimulates the conversion of inactive Vitamin D to activated Vitamin D3
- Hyperparathyroidism: Primary, secondary, and tertiary forms
- Hypoparathyroidism: Due to accidental injury or autoimmune parathyroid destruction
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Due to genetic mutation
Adrenal Gland
- Pyramid-like shape gland located above the kidneys
- Composed of distinct but conjoined glands: Outer Cortex and Inner Adrenal Medulla
- Produces various hormones, including:
- Estrogen: Estrone (E1), Estradiol (E2), Estriol (E3), Estetrol (E4)
- Progesterone
- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Disorders of Sexual Development
- Testicular Infertility
- Testicular Feminization Syndrome
- Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome
- Kallmann Syndrome
- Athlete's Triad
Pancreas
- Functions as both an exocrine and endocrine gland
- Produces various hormones, including:
- Insulin:_secreted by beta-cells (60-70%)
- Glucagon: secreted by alpha-cells (20-30%)
- Somatostatin: secreted by delta-cells (2-8%)
- Gastrin
- Ghrelin
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)
- Inhibin A
- Serotonin
Test your knowledge on hypothalamic hormones such as Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone. Explore the functions of these hormones and their effects on the endocrine system.
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