Hypothalamic Hormones Quiz

Hypothalamic Hormones

• Produced by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
• Characterized by pulsatility and cyclicity
• Hypothalamic hormones include:
  • Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
  • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
  • Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  • Growth-Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
  • Somatostatin
  • Dopamine (Prolactin Inhibitory Factor)

Pituitary Gland

• Located in the sella turcica or Turkish saddle
• Divided into two regions: Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis
• Produces and regulates various hormones, including:
  • Anterior pituitary hormones:
    • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
    • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
    • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
    • Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH)
    • Growth Hormone (GH)
    • Prolactin
  • Posterior pituitary hormones:
    • Vasopressin (ADH)
    • Oxytocin

Pineal Gland

• Produces melatonin, which decreases pigmentation of the skin
• Melatonin is a marker of the phase of internal circadian clock

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

• Target organs and functions:
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Gonads, reproductive function
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Gonads, reproductive function
  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Thyroid gland, release of thyroid hormones
  • Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH): Adrenal gland, release of adrenal hormones
  • Growth Hormone (GH): Multiple, growth and healing
  • Prolactin: Breast, lactation, labor, and parturition

Parathyroid Hormone

• Primary role: Regulates plasma calcium concentration to prevent hypocalcemia
• Promotes bone resorption and renal reabsorption of calcium
• Stimulates the conversion of inactive Vitamin D to activated Vitamin D3
• Hyperparathyroidism: Primary, secondary, and tertiary forms
• Hypoparathyroidism: Due to accidental injury or autoimmune parathyroid destruction
• Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Due to genetic mutation

Adrenal Gland

• Pyramid-like shape gland located above the kidneys
• Composed of distinct but conjoined glands: Outer Cortex and Inner Adrenal Medulla
• Produces various hormones, including:
  • Estrogen: Estrone (E1), Estradiol (E2), Estriol (E3), Estetrol (E4)
  • Progesterone
  • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Disorders of Sexual Development

• Testicular Infertility
• Testicular Feminization Syndrome
• Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome
• Kallmann Syndrome
• Athlete's Triad

Pancreas

• Functions as both an exocrine and endocrine gland
• Produces various hormones, including:
  • Insulin:_secreted by beta-cells (60-70%)
  • Glucagon: secreted by alpha-cells (20-30%)
  • Somatostatin: secreted by delta-cells (2-8%)
  • Gastrin
  • Ghrelin
  • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
  • Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)
  • Inhibin A
  • Serotonin