Hypoparathyroidism and Hypocalcemia Quiz

Continue infusions and restart subcutaneous insulin postoperatively as before surgery.

To reduce the risk of lactic acidosis.

Short-acting sulphonylureas should be omitted on the day of surgery.

<p>Small doses of soluble insulin should be administered to control blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoglycemia and insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin resistance is indicated by daily insulin requirements exceeding 200 IU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor and adjust dietary intake alongside insulin management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blurring of vision due to osmotic changes in the lens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary cause is diminished calcium absorption due to surgery, autoimmune destruction, or goiter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common features include cold intolerance, tiredness, weight gain, puffy eyelids, and dry skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chovestek's test is significant as it assesses neuromuscular irritability; tapping the facial nerve induces muscle contraction in hypocalcemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effects include brittle nails, hypoplastic teeth, and rough skin with alopecia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myxoedema coma is a severe form of hypothyroidism characterized by hypothermia and multisystem depression, often triggered by trauma, infections, or cold exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment includes gradual rewarming, oxygen support, intravenous levothyroxine, hydrocortisone, and antibiotics for infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory alkalosis can result in decreased ionized calcium levels, leading to increased neuromuscular excitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trousseau's sign is carpal spasm induced by inflation of a sphygmomanometer, indicating decreased calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High TSH levels typically indicate hypothyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main types are Type I diabetes, which is juvenile and insulin-dependent, and Type II diabetes, which is maturity onset and non-insulin dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starvation and dysphagia are two reasons for diminished calcium intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed ossification centers in X-ray findings indicate impaired bone development, often seen in severe cases of hypothyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium gluconate 10 ml of 10 mg% solution given slowly over 10 minutes is recommended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malabsorption syndrome leads to decreased calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in hypocalcemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manifestations include slow cerebration, apathy, poor memory, and rarely, myxoedema madness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conversion of carotene to vitamin A is affected, leading to a yellowish color due to carotinemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local anesthesia should be free from adrenaline to avoid sensitizing the myocardium, which can increase the risk of chest pain and tachycardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Investigations include measuring Total T4 and T3 which will show increased levels, Free T3 and T4 which are also increased, and decreased TSH levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinical manifestations include nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating, tremors, tachycardia, fever reaching ≥40°C, and potentially heart failure and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Management includes administering hydrocortisone 200 mg intravenously, using ice packs and wet packs, administering antithyroid drugs like Carbimazole, and using beta-blockers if there are no contraindications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cretinism is hypothyroidism in childhood, primarily caused by congenital absence of the thyroid gland, congenital enzymatic defects, iodine deficiency, and excessive antithyroid drugs during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>General features include puffy eyelids, a depressed nose, big lips, a protruded tongue, delayed dentition, and disproportionate dwarfism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients typically exhibit dry, cold, scaly skin with subcutaneous myxoedematous tissue deposition in areas such as the hands, face, and supraclavicular region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laboratory findings in hypothyroidism typically include low levels of T3 and T4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HbA1c indicates the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes patients are at higher risk for complications during and after procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Key components include ensuring good preoperative control, monitoring blood glucose, and managing insulin doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The surgery should be deferred if the blood glucose is greater than 13 mmol/L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IV dextrose infusions should start when blood glucose levels are monitored and found to be between 5-10 mmol/L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin should be reduced to 5 units if blood glucose is less than 5 mmol/L and increased to 15 units if it is between 10-20 mmol/L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfonylureas, such as Glibenclamide and Gliclazide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring ensures any imbalances are identified and managed promptly to prevent complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers