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Questions and Answers
What does HTML stand for?
What does HTML stand for?
HyperText Markup Language
HTML defines the structure of text-based and multimedia information in a web page.
HTML defines the structure of text-based and multimedia information in a web page.
True (A)
Which of the following is NOT a software used to read HTML and display web pages as output?
Which of the following is NOT a software used to read HTML and display web pages as output?
- Internet Explorer
- Microsoft Word (correct)
- Chrome
- Safari
"______" or ".htm" are the two extensions used to write and save HTML files.
"______" or ".htm" are the two extensions used to write and save HTML files.
Who invented HTML?
Who invented HTML?
In what year was HTML invented?
In what year was HTML invented?
What did the first version of HTML consist of?
What did the first version of HTML consist of?
What is the central organization responsible for creating and maintaining web standards?
What is the central organization responsible for creating and maintaining web standards?
Match the HTML versions with their descriptions:
Match the HTML versions with their descriptions:
Which of the following makes web pages more accessible to users with disabilities, especially vision impairments?
Which of the following makes web pages more accessible to users with disabilities, especially vision impairments?
A tag tells the web browser where an element begins and ends, whereas an attribute describes the characteristics of an element.
A tag tells the web browser where an element begins and ends, whereas an attribute describes the characteristics of an element.
Web browsers ignore ______ when your document is rendered.
Web browsers ignore ______ when your document is rendered.
HTML recognizes white spaces.
HTML recognizes white spaces.
What is the tag
used for?
What is the tag
used for?
What tag describes the web page?
What tag describes the web page?
How many heading elements does HTML5 provide?
How many heading elements does HTML5 provide?
Heading element h1 is considered the least significant heading.
Heading element h1 is considered the least significant heading.
What is a block-level element?
What is a block-level element?
What is a hyperlink created with?
What is a hyperlink created with?
Attribute ______ specify where to open the linked document.
Attribute ______ specify where to open the linked document.
What tag is used to insert images?
What tag is used to insert images?
Width and height are required attributes for the
tag.
Width and height are required attributes for the tag.
Which tag can be used to define an image map with clickable areas (or hotspots)?
Which tag can be used to define an image map with clickable areas (or hotspots)?
What character entity references specifies non-breaking space?
What character entity references specifies non-breaking space?
Which tag is used to insert unordered list?
Which tag is used to insert unordered list?
The ______ tag defines an HTML table.
The ______ tag defines an HTML table.
What tag specifies a table's title?
What tag specifies a table's title?
Which tag defines individual table rows?
Which tag defines individual table rows?
tag is a inline-level tag.
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What attribute specifies the character encoding for the HTML document?
What attribute specifies the character encoding for the HTML document?
Flashcards
HTML
HTML
Stands for HyperText Markup Language. It's the standard language for creating web pages.
Markup Language
Markup Language
Data included in an electronic document that governs what data may be included and how it is combined with the content.
Web Browser
Web Browser
Software (e.g., Chrome, Firefox) to read HTML and display web pages.
.html or .htm
.html or .htm
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Tim Berners-Lee
Tim Berners-Lee
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W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
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HTML Element
HTML Element
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Tag
Tag
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Attribute
Attribute
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Content
Content
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tag
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tag
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tag
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tag
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tag
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tag
tag
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Heading elements (h1-h6)
Heading elements (h1-h6)
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Block-level element
Block-level element
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Inline element
Inline element
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Hyperlink
Hyperlink
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href attribute
href attribute
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target attribute
target attribute
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Internal Links
Internal Links
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tag
tag
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src attribute
src attribute
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alt attribute
alt attribute
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Absolute File Path
Absolute File Path
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Relative File Path
Relative File Path
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Character Entity References (&code;)
Character Entity References (&code;)
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Study Notes
HyperText Markup Language
- HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the language to create web pages.
- Markup refers to data included in an electronic document.
- A markup language comprises rules governing what data may be included in a document and how it can be combined with the content to facilitate use by humans and computer programs.
- HTML consists of plain text but includes various tags that define the structure of the document, allowing documents to include headings, paragraphs, images, links, lists, tables, and other features.
- HTML defines the structure of text-based and multimedia information on a web page.
HyperText Markup Language (2)
- HTML is relatively easy to learn due to its predefined tags.
- Web browsers like Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Safari read HTML in desktop, laptop, tablet, and phone environments and display the web pages.
- HTML can be written in editors like Notepad and other software such as Adobe Dreamweaver, Sublime, NetBeans, and VSCode.
- .html or .htm are the two extensions used to write and save HTML files.
- HTML code can be written in any text editor and saved as "filename.html" or "filename.htm".
History of HTML
- Tim Berners-Lee, a physicist at CERN, invented HTML in 1991.
- The Web was developed to meet the demand for automated information-sharing between scientists in universities and institutes.
- HTML is a continuously evolving markup language with updated versions.
- The first version of HTML consisted of 18 tags, whereas the current versions have approximately 142 tags.
- The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is responsible for creating and maintaining web standards.
HTML Historical Milestones
- HTML 2.0 was developed by the IETF's HTML Working Group, which closed in 1996 and established standards for core HTML features based upon current practice in 1994.
- In 1997, HTML 3.2 added widely deployed features, such as tables, applets, text flow around images, and superscripts & subscripts, while providing backwards compatibility with the existing HTML 2.0 standard.
- In 1999, HTML 4.01 added support for more multimedia options, scripting languages, style sheets, better printing facilities, and documents which are more accessible to users with disabilities.
- In 2000, XHTML 1.0 was a reformulation of HTML 4.01 in XML, incorporating new features and combining HTML 4's strength with XML's power.
- In 2015, HTML 5, which replaced HTML 3.2, HTML 4, and XHTML 1.x, offers offline media storage support, more specific elements, simpler inline doctype, audio, and video embedding support.
- In 2016, HTML 5.1 introduced better capabilities regarding video experience, web forms, image accessibility, and spelling and grammar checks.
- In 2017, HTML 5.2, the latest version of HTML featured improvements in content security policy, payment request API for eCommerce websites, accessibility of rich Internet applications for disabled people, and changes to the
to support responsive design.
Tags and Attributes
- HTML pages consist of HTML elements containing a set of tags and attributes.
- A tag tells the web browser where an element starts and ends, while an attribute describes the characteristics of the element.
- Elements include:
- Start tag to state where an element starts effect e.g. to create a link.
- Content where the output that other users view.
- End tag which mirrors the start tag but with a forward slash before the element name e.g. to close the link.
- Some "void elements" do not have end tags.
Must Have Elements
- tag is an instruction to the web browser about what version of HTML the page is written in and ensures the page renders consistently across web browsers.
- For HTML5 the declaration is : .
- For HTML 4.01:
- tagis the root element that defines the whole HTML document.
- tag holds meta information such as the page's title and charset, enabling CSS and JavaScript integration.
- tag encloses all content that appear on the page.
Hello world!
- Displays the message Hello World!.
- HTML does not recognize white spaces, requiring specific methods to add spaces and move to the next line.
- Comments should be inserted in HTML markup to improve readability and to describe content and are ignored by the browser. Comments start with .
tag is rendered as a line break in most browsers causing the text following a tag to be rendered on the next line
Title Element
- The title element describes the web page.
- Functions of the title element:
- It commonly shows up in the title bar at the top of the browser window or in the browser tab displaying the page.
- Is the text users see when they add the page to their Favorites or Bookmarks, enabling them to return to their favorite sites.
- Search engines index and display results using the title.
Paragraph and Headings
- All text between the
and
tags forms one paragraph. - HTML5 offers six heading elements (h1 through h6) to specify the importance of information.
- The h1 heading element is considered the most significant and is rendered in the largest font.
- Each successive heading element (i.e., h2, h3, and so on) is rendered in a progressively smaller font.
- Paragraphs and headings are known as block-level elements where they take up the entire width of the page and always start a new line.
- An inline element formats the inner content of block-level elements, such as adding links and emphasized strings without breaking the flow of the content.
Hyperlinks
- Hyperlinks reference or link to other resources, typically underlining text and coloring it blue by default.
- Hyperlinks are created using the (anchor) tag, where the href attribute (hypertext reference) specifies a resource's location, such as:
- A remote web page (needs "http://").
- A location within a web page.
- A file.
- An e-mail address.
- Attribute target defines where the linked document opens with options such as _blank, _self, _parent, or _top.
- href which is blank or “#” refers to the current page.
- If a URL does not indicate a specific location, the web server returns a default web page, typically index.html or index.php.
Hyperlinks and Email
- Anchors can link to an e-mail address by setting href as mailto: URL.
- When users click this type of anchored link, most browsers launch the default e-mail program (e.g., Mozilla Thunderbird, Microsoft Outlook, and Apple Mail) to enable composition of an e-mail message to the linked address.
Internal Links
- The tag can link to another section of the same document by using the element's id as the link's href.
- #id is the syntax for linking internally to an element with its id attribute set.
Images
- The following image formats can be used in HTML: jpeg, gif, png, apng, svg, bmp, bmp ico, png ico, depending on the browser.
- GIF files support animated and static images.
- The
tag is used to insert images.
- src attribute specifies an image's location.
- width and height (in pixels) attributes are optional, but included to ensure the browser uses its dimensions for loading more quickly
- Use the image's actual width and height to make loading faster.
Images as Hyperlinks
- Images as hyperlinks allow creation of graphical web pages that link to other resources.
- Wrap the
tag inside an tag create image hyperlinks.
- The alt attribute contains text that is displayed if the client cannot render the image, making web pages more accessible to users with disabilities, especially those with vision impairments.
- Speech synthesizer software will speak the alt attribute so that a visually impaired user can understand what the browser is displaying.
- The tag can define an image map with clickable areas.
Absolute and Relative File Path
- An absolute file path is the full URL to a file e.g. it has "http://...".
- A relative file path points to a file relative to the current page. Use relative file paths when possible to prevent web pages from being bound to the current base URL.
Absolute and Relative File Path (3)
- A relative file path is specified in relation to the current page's directory structure.
- Absolute paths are less flexible, as they will break if the directory structure is moved.
Special Characters
- HTML5 provides character entity references (in the form &code;) for representing special characters that cannot be rendered otherwise.
- Codes:
- Consist of word abbreviations e.g. &, <, ©, etc.
Special Characters (2)
- Special characters can be represented via numbers, including:
- Decimal
- Hexadecimal
- A percentage can be displayed using % in decimal or %.
- Refer to character reference in the printable ASCII characters list.
Horizontal Rules
- Horizontal rules, indicated by the
tag, render a horizontal line with extra space above and below them in most browsers. - The horizontal rule element should be considered a legacy element
- CSS can be used to add horizontal rules and other formatting to documents.
Ordered, Unordered and Nested Lists
- The
- tag inserts unordered lists.
- These unordered lists start each item with a bullet symbol (typically a disc).
- Each entry is added with an
- (list item) tag, which most browsers render with a line break and a bullet symbol at the beginning of the line..
- The ordered-list tag
- creates a list in which each item begins with a number.
- Lists can be nested to represent hierarchical relationships, as in a multi-level outline.
Tables
- The
tag defines an HTML table, frequently used to put data into rows and columns.
- A table can be split into 3 distinct sections:
- Head use with the tag, including table titles and column headers.
- Body use with the tag, including primary table data.
- Table Foot use with the tag, used for calculation results, footnotes or anything that appears at the bottom of the page.
Tables (2)
- The
tag specifies a table's title. - The summary attribute summarizes the table's contents and is used by speech devices to make the table more accessible to users with visual impairments.
-
tag defines a header cell to define a row or column as a header. tag defines individual table rows. tag contains table data. Merging Table Cells
- The rowspan and colspan attributes can be used to merge data cells.
- The values of these attributes specify the number of rows or columns occupied by the cell.
- Can be placed inside any data cell or table header cell.
Div vs Span
-
and tags define parts of a document, helping them to be identified when a classification is necessary.
- As such, the
tag is used intensively in CSS (like in Bootstrap framework) to classify parts of page by function e.g. header, menu, navigation bar, content and footer.is a block-level tag and will display each tag on a new line.- is a generic inline container used to group elements for styling when no other semantic element is available.
Inline Tags for Text Formatting
- HTML contains many tags for defining text with a special meaning.
- Text can also be formatted using CSS.
Meta Elements
- Metadata is machine parsable and will not be directly displayed on the page.
- Search engines catalog pages by reading the tag's:
- name attribute which identifies the type of the meta element.
- content attribute, depending on the type:
- keywords: provides keywords to search engines.
- description: catalog a site.
- author defines the author of a page.
- generator type defines the software packages used to generate the document.
Meta Elements (2)
- The meta tag can specify functions such as:
- charset which is an attribute specifying character encoding for the HTML document.
- http-equiv="refresh" attribute specifying the timed refresh.
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Description
HTML is the language for creating web pages. It uses tags to define the structure of a document, including headings, paragraphs, images, and links. Web browsers read HTML and display the web pages.
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- Body use with the tag, including primary table data.
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