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Questions and Answers
What is the prevalence of hypertension in Egypt?
What is the prevalence of hypertension in Egypt?
26.3% among the adult population.
What is hypertension (HTN)?
What is hypertension (HTN)?
A persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure above 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic.
At what age does the incidence of hypertension significantly increase in Egypt?
At what age does the incidence of hypertension significantly increase in Egypt?
Above 60 years.
What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
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What does systolic pressure represent?
What does systolic pressure represent?
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What does diastolic pressure represent?
What does diastolic pressure represent?
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Which system regulates blood pressure?
Which system regulates blood pressure?
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What are the two main types of hypertension?
What are the two main types of hypertension?
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What condition is characterized by elevated blood pressure that occurs only in the clinic?
What condition is characterized by elevated blood pressure that occurs only in the clinic?
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What is malignant hypertension?
What is malignant hypertension?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for hypertension?
Which of the following is a risk factor for hypertension?
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Study Notes
Hypertension (HTN)
- Persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure above 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic.
- Most common cardiovascular condition globally
- Prevalence in Egypt: 26.3% among adults
- Incidence increases with age, affecting ~50% of Egyptians over 60 years
- Measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
- Consists of systolic (maximum pressure during ventricular contraction) and diastolic pressure (minimum pressure before contraction).
Blood Pressure Regulation
- Determined by cardiac output (heart rate and stroke volume) and total peripheral resistance.
- Factors influencing peripheral resistance: Arteriolar caliber, blood viscosity & arterial wall elasticity
HTN Development
- An imbalance in the systems that regulate blood pressure.
- These systems include:
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- Vasopressin (ADH)
- Nitric oxide
- Vasoactive peptides (e.g., endothelin, adrenomedullin)
HTN Consequences
- Untreated HTN can damage organs (retina, left ventricle, kidney, brain)
- Increases risk of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia
Types of HTN
- Primary (Essential) HTN: 90-95% of cases, cause unknown.
- Secondary HTN: Linked to specific causes, such as renal, endocrine, vascular, neurological disorders, certain drugs, and toxins.
- Labile HTN: Fluctuating blood pressure, sometimes elevated, sometimes normal.
- White-Coat HTN: High blood pressure in clinic settings, but normal during daily life.
- Masked HTN: Normal clinic blood pressure, but high ambulatory readings. Affects ~10% of the population and is linked to organ damage and mortality.
- Malignant HTN: Extremely high blood pressure (usually >160/110 mmHg), causing retinal hemorrhages, exudates, and papilledema.
Risk Factors for HTN
- Age
- Ethnicity
- Obesity
- Glucose intolerance
- Smoking
- Stress
- Others
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of hypertension (HTN), a prevalent cardiovascular condition globally. This quiz touches on its definition, regulation of blood pressure, the development of HTN, and factors affecting its prevalence, especially in Egypt. Test your knowledge on how various systems contribute to blood pressure maintenance.
