Blood Pressure Regulation and Hypertension
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Blood Pressure Regulation and Hypertension

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Questions and Answers

What is the common name for high blood pressure that exceeds 140 systolic and 90 diastolic?

  • Hypertension (correct)
  • Bradycardia
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypotension
  • What is the primary cause of essential hypertension?

  • Overproduction of hormones
  • Multifactorial: genetic predisposition and environmental factors (correct)
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Kidney disease
  • What is the main risk factor for developing hypertension?

  • Age
  • Obesity
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • All of the above (correct)
  • What is the goal of treatment for hypertension?

    <p>To prevent and treat target organ damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of treatment for hypertension?

    <p>Administration of low-dose, long-acting preparations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of diuretics on stroke volume?

    <p>Decrease blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of arteriolar vasodilators?

    <p>They promote the formation of NO, exerting a vasodilating effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long-term effect of diuretics on stroke volume?

    <p>SV recovers, but PR decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?

    <p>They inhibit the reabsorption of Na and Cl in the front section of the distal tubulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of thiazide diuretics?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Pressure Regulation

    • Blood pressure is regulated by the interaction of stroke volume (SV) and peripheral resistance (PR)
    • Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) play a crucial role in blood pressure regulation

    Normal Blood Pressure and Hypertension

    • Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg
    • Hypertension is defined as a systemic arterial pressure exceeding 140/90 mmHg
    • General narrowing of arterioles is the direct cause of hypertension
    • Main risk factors for hypertension include obesity, excessive salt consumption, stressful conditions, sedentary lifestyle, and age

    Primary and Secondary Hypertension

    • Primary hypertension (~90% of cases) is multifactorial, with genetic predisposition and environmental factors contributing to its development
    • Secondary hypertension (~10% of cases) can be caused by other organ changes, such as kidney disease, hormone overproduction, or atherosclerosis

    Consequences of Hypertension

    • Organ damage, constriction of heart, retina, and kidney vessels
    • Heart attack, heart and kidney failure, and visual disturbances

    Treatment of Hypertension

    • Treatment of co-morbidities and prevention of target organ damage
    • Administration of low-dose, long-acting preparations is recommended
    • Combined treatment is most often used, with options including fixed combination pills or individualized therapy

    Pharmacological Treatment Options

    • Reducing stroke volume:
      • Diuretics (reduce circulating blood volume)
      • Beta-blocking sympatholytics (reduce heart rate and heart muscle function)
    • Expanding the vascular system:
      • Sympatholytics (central nervous system effect or alpha-sympatholytics)
      • Drugs that inhibit the RAAS system (beta-blockers, direct renin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers)
    • Arteriolar vasodilators:
      • Directly acting on vessel walls, promoting NO formation and vasodilation
    • Ca-channel inhibitors (blockers):
      • Reducing intracellular calcium in smooth muscle cells, reducing contraction

    Diuretics

    • Reduce extracellular volume, leading to decreased blood volume and preload, and ultimately decreased SV
    • After 6-8 weeks, SV recovers, but PR decreases, maintaining the effect
    • Types of diuretics:
      • Thiazides (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide)
      • Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide)
      • Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., eplerenone, aldosterone antagonists)

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    Description

    This quiz covers the regulation of blood pressure, including factors that affect it, normal and hypertensive blood pressure ranges, and the primary and secondary causes of hypertension.

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