Hypertension: Causes and Types

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What is the blood pressure reading that indicates hypertension?

130/85 mm Hg

150/95 mm Hg

140/90 mm Hg (correct)

120/80 mm Hg

What is the primary distinction between primary and secondary hypertension?

Presence of an underlying cause (correct)

Family history

Age of onset

Presence of symptoms

Which of the following is a risk factor for primary hypertension?

Diabetic nephropathy

Coarctation of the aorta

Obesity (correct)

Pregnancy

What is the primary goal of treating secondary hypertension?

Managing underlying disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of uncontrolled hypertension?

Heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly used to treat secondary hypertension?

Captopril Signup and view all the answers

At what blood pressure level should a hypertensive patient be referred to a GP?

140/90mmHg Signup and view all the answers

What is the oral manifestation of ACE inhibitors?

Lichenoid reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal LDL:HDL ratio?

2.99:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of HDL in atherosclerosis?

Blocks oxidation of LDL Signup and view all the answers

What is the link between hypertension and atherosclerosis?

The haemodynamic forces in hypertension cause damage to endothelial cells and facilitate the passage of LDL into intima Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of advanced atherosclerosis?

Ischemia/infarction Signup and view all the answers

What is ischemic heart disease?

A condition where there is an imbalance between demand and supply of blood to the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed risk factor for ischemic heart disease?

Age Signup and view all the answers

What is a hard modifiable risk factor for ischemic heart disease?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of ischemic heart disease?

Angina Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of taking aspirin in ischemic heart disease?

To help prevent blood clots from forming in the arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the main diagnosis for a patient with peripheral vascular disease who complains of central chest pain during a routine dental treatment?

Angina that can lead to Ischemic Heart Disease or MI Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the procedure that uses X-ray imaging to see the heart's blood vessels?

Coronary angiography Signup and view all the answers

What should dentists do before treating a patient with ischemic heart disease?

Take detailed history and record all medication Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal time for scheduling appointments for patients with ischemic heart disease?

Late morning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the death of tissue due to a lack of oxygen?

Infarction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain?

Transient ischemic attack Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of giving GTN spray sublingually during an angina attack?

To relieve anginal symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a patient experiences unstable angina during treatment?

Refer back to the doctor Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition where the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen due to a blockage in blood flow?

Ischemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism leading to thrombosis in patients with Behcet's syndrome?

Damage to vessel wall Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a prophylactic measure to prevent post-operative deep vein thrombosis?

Identifying high-risk patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between arterial and venous thrombosis?

Venous thrombosis is a result of sluggish flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of changes in the constituents of the blood that can lead to thrombosis?

Haemostatic equilibrium is tilted in favor of thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of thrombosis progression?

Embolisation Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of left-sided heart failure?

Pulmonary congestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common modifiable risk factor for IHD?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of angina pectoris?

Strangling feeling in the chest Signup and view all the answers

What is the ECG finding in an angina attack?

ST depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aspirin on the oral cavity?

Bleeding tendency Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between thrombosis and clotting?

Thrombosis involves platelets and clotting cascade, while clotting is just the cascade Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely diagnosis of a painful and swollen calf following a period of bed rest post-operatively?

Deep vein thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

What is Virchow's triad?

Changes in the surface of the vessel, changes in the blood flow, and changes in the constituents of the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is deep vein thrombosis due to?

Thrombus formation in the lower limb deep veins Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical feature of deep vein thrombosis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for thrombo-embolism?