2. Hypertension and Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy

A 28-year-old primigravid woman at 36 weeks gestation presents with a blood pressure reading of 150/95 mmHg at her routine prenatal visit. She reports no headaches or visual disturbances. A urine dipstick reveals no proteinuria. Her blood pressure was normal prior to this visit and before 20 weeks gestation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 32-year-old pregnant woman at 30 weeks gestation is diagnosed with severe preeclampsia. Which of the following clinical findings, if present, would be LEAST consistent with this diagnosis alone and warrant further investigation for another underlying condition?

Gestational hypertension is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes for both the mother and fetus. Which of the following represents the MOST significant maternal risk directly associated with gestational hypertension, in the absence of progression to preeclampsia?

A 38-year-old nulliparous woman with a BMI of 35 kg/m² is diagnosed with mild preeclampsia at 32 weeks gestation. While age, nulliparity, and obesity are known risk factors, which of the following additional historical factors would MOST significantly elevate her risk profile for developing preeclampsia?

A 25-year-old woman at 39 weeks gestation presents with a blood pressure of 145/92 mmHg. This is her first elevated blood pressure reading during this pregnancy. A urine protein analysis is negative. Four weeks postpartum, her blood pressure is consistently 120/80 mmHg. Based on this clinical course, which type of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy BEST describes her condition?

A pregnant patient at 38 weeks' gestation presents with elevated blood pressure and proteinuria, but no other signs of preeclampsia. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate next step in managing this patient?

A pregnant patient is diagnosed with severe preeclampsia at 32 weeks gestation. After initial stabilization, which management strategy is MOST critical to implement to improve fetal outcomes?

A patient presents with Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count (HELLP) syndrome at 35 weeks gestation. What is the MOST appropriate course of action?

Which of the following symptoms, if reported by a postpartum patient, would be MOST indicative of HELLP syndrome?

A woman with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is MOST at risk for developing what long-term health complication?

A 26-year-old primigravida is screened for gestational diabetes at 26 weeks' gestation. Her 50-g glucose challenge test result is 150 mg/dL. What is the MOST appropriate next step in the evaluation of this patient?

Which pathophysiological mechanism is MOST directly responsible for the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

A patient with gestational diabetes asks about screening recommendations after pregnancy. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate screening strategy?

Which of the following blood pressure medications is typically used IV to manage severe hypertension in preeclampsia?

A clinician is evaluating a pregnant patient for gestational diabetes at the first prenatal visit. Which test should be performed?

A woman with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a prior pregnancy should undergo postpartum screening to assess for persistent glucose intolerance. According to guidelines, when should this screening MOST appropriately occur?

A 28-year-old woman, currently 26 weeks pregnant, has no known risk factors for gestational diabetes. According to standard screening guidelines, when should she be screened for gestational diabetes?

A patient's 1-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) result is 150 mg/dL. What is the MOST appropriate next step in evaluating this patient for gestational diabetes?

Which of the following is the FIRST-LINE therapy for managing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) after failing initial lifestyle modifications?

A patient with gestational diabetes has the following 3-hour GTT results after a 100-g oral glucose load: Fasting: 97 mg/dL, 1-hour: 185 mg/dL, 2-hour: 150 mg/dL, 3-hour: 135 mg/dL. What is the correct interpretation of these results?

A patient with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is being managed with multiple daily insulin injections. Despite adherence to her prescribed insulin regimen and diet, her fasting blood sugar (FBS) consistently ranges from 100-110 mg/dL. Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate next step in her management?

A pregnant patient with well-controlled gestational diabetes, managed with diet and exercise alone, reaches 39 weeks gestation without any complications. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate recommendation regarding the timing of delivery?

A patient with gestational diabetes delivers a macrosomic infant weighing 4600g. Which of the following complications is the infant MOST at risk for immediately after birth?

A woman with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is seen in your office for a postpartum visit 3 months after delivery. She is currently asymptomatic and reports normal blood glucose levels when checking at home. What is the MOST appropriate recommendation for long-term monitoring of her glycemic status?

A patient with gestational diabetes is concerned about the risk of her child developing diabetes later in life. Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate and informative to share with the patient?

A 30-year-old woman, with a known history of essential hypertension for 3 years, presents for her initial prenatal visit at 8 weeks gestation. Her blood pressure at this visit is 140/90 mmHg. How does the classification of her hypertensive disorder differ from gestational hypertension, assuming her blood pressure returns to normal postpartum?

A 29-year-old primigravid woman at 34 weeks gestation is diagnosed with preeclampsia without severe features. Two days later, she returns to the clinic reporting new onset right upper quadrant abdominal pain and nausea. Her blood pressure is now 155/105 mmHg, and repeat urine dipstick shows 2+ protein. Which of the following laboratory findings would be MOST indicative of a progression towards severe preeclampsia and warrant immediate escalation of care?

In the context of HELLP syndrome, which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is the MOST significant contributor to the elevated liver enzymes observed in affected patients?

A 26-year-old woman at 28 weeks gestation is diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test. Which of the following metabolic adaptations of pregnancy is the PRIMARY underlying cause of the insulin resistance that leads to GDM?

A 35-year-old pregnant woman at 36 weeks gestation has been managed for gestational hypertension and diet-controlled gestational diabetes. At her most recent antenatal visit, her blood pressure is 145/95 mmHg, and a fasting blood glucose is 105 mg/dL. Considering both conditions, which of the following management strategies is MOST critical to prioritize for optimizing fetal well-being in the immediate term (next 1-2 weeks)?

A 29-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 1, is diagnosed with transient hypertension at 37 weeks gestation. Which of the following characteristics is MOST indicative of transient hypertension rather than chronic hypertension superimposed on gestational hypertension?

A 34-year-old pregnant woman, at 28 weeks gestation, presents with a blood pressure of 155/105 mmHg and no proteinuria on urine dipstick. Two days later, her blood pressure remains elevated at 150/100 mmHg. According to the criteria outlined for gestational hypertension, what is the MINIMUM duration between blood pressure readings required to confirm the diagnosis?

A 40-year-old woman with a history of chronic hypertension, managed with methyldopa prior to pregnancy, presents at 30 weeks gestation with a blood pressure of 165/115 mmHg and 2+ proteinuria on urine dipstick. Her pre-pregnancy blood pressure was consistently around 130/85 mmHg. Which of the following BEST describes her current hypertensive state?

In managing mild preeclampsia before 37 weeks of gestation, expectant management is often employed. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a component of expectant management in a stable patient with mild preeclampsia?

A 27-year-old primigravid woman at 33 weeks gestation is diagnosed with severe preeclampsia. Magnesium sulfate is initiated for seizure prophylaxis. Which of the following is the PRIMARY rationale for administering magnesium sulfate in severe preeclampsia?

Which of the following antihypertensive medication classes is contraindicated throughout pregnancy due to the risk of fetal renal and cardiac abnormalities?

A postpartum woman, who is breastfeeding her newborn, requires antihypertensive medication. Considering the recommendations for breastfeeding mothers, which of the following medications should be AVOIDED due to potential excretion into breast milk and effects on the infant?

A 36-year-old woman at 34 weeks gestation is diagnosed with HELLP syndrome. Which of the following laboratory findings is NOT a mandatory criterion for the diagnosis of HELLP syndrome, but is frequently associated with its pathophysiology?

A 31-year-old woman, gravida 3 para 2, develops eclampsia at 38 weeks gestation. After initial stabilization following a seizure, which of the following is the MOST critical next step in the management of eclampsia to prevent recurrence and ensure maternal and fetal well-being?

Which pathophysiological mechanism is MOST directly responsible for the insulin resistance observed in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

A 35-year-old woman with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) managed with diet and exercise delivers a healthy term infant. According to current guidelines, what is the MOST appropriate recommendation for postpartum glucose screening to assess her risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

A patient with severe preeclampsia at 33 weeks gestation is being managed with magnesium sulfate and intravenous hydralazine. Despite these interventions, she develops epigastric pain and nausea. Which of the following conditions should be of HIGHEST concern given these new symptoms in the context of severe preeclampsia?

A woman with a history of gestational hypertension in a prior pregnancy is now pregnant again. Which of the following strategies is LEAST effective in reducing her risk of recurrent gestational hypertension in the current pregnancy?

In the management of severe preeclampsia at 35 weeks gestation, delivery is generally recommended. If a patient with severe preeclampsia is hemodynamically stable and delivery is planned, which of the following is the MOST appropriate route of delivery in the absence of other obstetric contraindications?

A 24-year-old primigravid patient at 28 weeks gestation presents with new onset hypertension and proteinuria. Her blood pressure is 145/95 mmHg and urine protein is 350 mg in a 24-hour collection. Which of the following risk factors in her history would be MOST concerning for a higher likelihood of progressing to severe preeclampsia or adverse maternal outcomes?

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) develops when the pancreas cannot compensate for increased insulin resistance during pregnancy. What is the primary physiological reason for this decompensation?

A 27-year-old woman with no known risk factors for gestational diabetes is pregnant. According to screening guidelines, at what gestational age (in weeks) should she be routinely screened for GDM?

A pregnant woman is identified as high risk during her initial prenatal visit. Her gestational diabetes screen is negative. When should she be retested?

During a 1-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT), which glucose level is generally considered abnormal, requiring a 3-hour GTT for further evaluation?

A pregnant patient with GDM is not responding to lifestyle modifications. What is the recommended first-line therapy for this condition?

Which of the following represents the MOST appropriate fasting blood sugar (FBS) target for a pregnant woman being treated for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

A patient with gestational diabetes is asking about oral medication options. Which of the following oral hypoglycemic agents is categorized as Pregnancy Category B?

Which of the following fetal complications of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) presents the GREATEST immediate risk at the time of delivery, potentially requiring urgent intervention?

A patient with well-controlled gestational diabetes asks about her long-term risk. What is the approximate lifetime risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after a pregnancy complicated by GDM?

A 27-year-old female with no significant past medical history develops gestational diabetes. She is able to control her blood sugars with diet and exercise alone. At what gestational age should induction of labor be considered, assuming no other maternal or fetal complications?

Which of the following is NOT a subtype of hypertension discussed in the context of pregnancy?

A pregnant woman is diagnosed with hypertension. Which of the following complications should clinicians be aware of?

What are the key components of a comprehensive treatment plan for a pregnant woman diagnosed with hypertension or gestational diabetes?

A clinician must distinguish between hypertension present before pregnancy and that which arises during pregnancy. What is the most critical differentiating factor?

In the context of pregnancy-related hypertension, which condition is characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count?

A patient at 38 weeks gestation presents with a blood pressure reading of 145/95 mmHg during a routine prenatal visit. She has no proteinuria or other symptoms. This is her first elevated blood pressure reading after 20 weeks of gestation. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate classification for her hypertensive disorder?

Which of the following blood pressure thresholds, if met or exceeded during pregnancy, necessitates pharmacological treatment according to the provided guidelines?

A 29-year-old pregnant woman at 28 weeks gestation is diagnosed with mild preeclampsia. Which of the following is a component of expectant management for mild preeclampsia before 37 weeks gestation?

Which of the following antihypertensive medications is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of fetal renal and cardiac abnormalities?

A postpartum patient is diagnosed with transient hypertension. Which characteristic is MOST consistent with transient hypertension as opposed to chronic hypertension?

Which of the following is NOT explicitly listed as a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the provided content?

A pregnant patient at 32 weeks gestation is diagnosed with severe preeclampsia. Which of the following is the MOST critical immediate management strategy to prevent maternal seizures?

HELLP syndrome is characterized by Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count. While these are diagnostic criteria, which of the following signs or symptoms, though not strictly required for diagnosis, would be MOST concerning and warrant immediate investigation for HELLP syndrome in a pregnant patient with preeclampsia?

Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying physiological mechanism contributing to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

A patient with severe preeclampsia at 35 weeks gestation is being treated with magnesium sulfate. Which of the following is the MOST definitive treatment for severe preeclampsia to prevent progression and improve maternal and fetal outcomes?

According to the provided text, what percentage of pregnancies are affected by pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), also known as gestational hypertension?

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate initial loading dose of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) for a patient with eclampsia, according to the provided management guidelines?

A patient is diagnosed with HELLP syndrome at 30 weeks gestation. Based on the information provided, what is the MOST strongly recommended management strategy regarding delivery?

For breastfeeding mothers requiring antihypertensive medication, which class of calcium channel blockers is generally advised to be avoided according to the provided information?

A woman with a history of gestational hypertension in a previous pregnancy is now pregnant again. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be effective in reducing her risk of recurrent gestational hypertension in the current pregnancy based on the information provided?

What distinguishes hypertension present prior to pregnancy from hypertension that arises during pregnancy?

What condition is characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count?

Which adverse outcome is associated with hypertension during pregnancy?

What is the classification of hypertension found during pregnancy?

What is the key characteristic that differentiates transient hypertension from other hypertensive disorders in pregnancy?

A patient presents with blood pressure readings above 140/90 mmHg before pregnancy. How would you classify this?

What blood pressure defines severe hypertension in pregnancy?

Which antihypertensive drug class is contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential fetal harm?

What is the key diagnostic criterion, in addition to hypertension, for preeclampsia?

A pregnant patient is diagnosed with mild preeclampsia before 37 weeks. What is the recommended management?

What characterizes HELLP syndrome?

What is the primary cause of gestational diabetes?

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by the pancreas's inability to adequately compensate for increased insulin resistance during pregnancy. Which underlying physiological factor is MOST directly implicated in this decompensation?

A pregnant woman is identified as low risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at her initial prenatal visit. According to screening guidelines, at what gestational age, in weeks, should she undergo routine GDM screening?

A 26-year-old primigravida undergoes a 1-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) with a 50g glucose load as part of gestational diabetes screening. Which glucose concentration, in mg/dL, is generally considered the threshold for an abnormal result, necessitating a 3-hour GTT?

A pregnant patient undergoes a 3-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) with a 100g glucose load. Which of the following sets of glucose values, in mg/dL, obtained at fasting, 1-hour, 2-hour, and 3-hour intervals, respectively, indicates a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

Following a 3-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT), a pregnant woman exhibits the following glucose values: Fasting: 92 mg/dL, 1-hour: 185 mg/dL, 2-hour: 140 mg/dL, 3-hour: 130 mg/dL. According to diagnostic criteria, what is the MOST appropriate interpretation of these results?

A pregnant patient with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) initially attempts lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise. If these conservative measures prove insufficient to achieve glycemic control, what is considered the MOST appropriate first-line pharmacological therapy?

A woman with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a prior pregnancy requires postpartum screening to assess for persistent glucose intolerance and future diabetes risk. According to recommended guidelines, when should this postpartum screening PRIMARILY be conducted, in weeks?

A primigravid patient at 34 weeks presents with a BP of 160/110 mmHg and new-onset thrombocytopenia (platelet count 90,000/μL). AST and ALT are mildly elevated. Which underlying mechanism is the MOST likely contributor?

A patient with pre-existing hypertension presents at 26 weeks gestation with increased proteinuria and a BP of 155/105 mmHg, previously controlled with medication. What is the MOST appropriate classification?

A patient is diagnosed with gestational diabetes at 28 weeks. Despite dietary changes, fasting glucose remains elevated (95-105 mg/dL). Which of the following is the MOST appropriate next step?

Which of the following hypertensive disorders is MOST directly associated with an increased risk of placental abruption due to acute uteroplacental arteriopathy?

A GDM patient, diet-controlled, presents at 40 weeks with estimated fetal weight >4500g. Amniocentesis reveals mature lungs. What is the MOST appropriate management strategy given risks?

A patient presents with hypertension, discovered after 20 weeks gestation, resolving within 12 weeks postpartum. What hypertension type is this?

A pregnant woman's blood pressure is ≥140/90 mmHg before pregnancy. What is the MOST accurate classification?

Systolic BP is ≥ 160 mmHg, diastolic BP is ≥ 110mg Hg in a pregnant patient. Management is required to prevent what major risk?

A pregnant patient presents with SBP ≥160mmHg OR DBP ≥110mmHg. Which action is MOST appropriate?

Which drug class should be avoided in pregnancy due to fetal renal and cardiac abnormalities?

Criteria for preeclampsia includes meeting which blood pressure requirement in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)?

A pregnant patient is diagnosed with mild preeclampsia before 37 weeks. What is a management?

What percentage of pregnancies are affected by pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)?

Which pre-conception factor MOST significantly impairs pancreatic compensation, leading to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

A 27-year-old primigravida is deemed low risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at her initial prenatal visit. Adhering strictly to screening guidelines, at what specific gestational age, expressed in weeks, should she undergo routine GDM screening?

You perform an initial gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screening with a 50g oral glucose load on a high-risk pregnant patient at 10 weeks gestation. The result is negative. When should you retest for GDM?

During a 1-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) with a 50g glucose load, which specific glucose concentration, expressed in mg/dL, generally serves as the threshold for an abnormal result, thereby necessitating a subsequent 3-hour GTT for comprehensive evaluation?

A pregnant patient undergoes a 3-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) with a 100g glucose load. Which set of glucose values, in mg/dL, obtained at fasting, 1-hour, 2-hour, and 3-hour intervals, respectively, unequivocally establishes a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

Following a 3-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT), a pregnant woman exhibits the following glucose values: Fasting: 96 mg/dL, 1-hour: 181 mg/dL, 2-hour: 150 mg/dL, 3-hour: 139 mg/dL. According to diagnostic criteria, what is the most accurate interpretation of these results?

A pregnant patient with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) initially attempts lifestyle modifications, encompassing dietary adjustments and a structured exercise regimen. Should these conservative measures prove insufficient in achieving optimal glycemic control, what pharmacological agent reigns supreme as the most appropriate first-line therapy?

A 31-year-old primigravida at 34 weeks' gestation presents with a blood pressure of 162/112 mmHg, severe headache, visual disturbances, and right upper quadrant pain. Initial lab results reveal thrombocytopenia (platelet count 75,000/μL), elevated AST (180 U/L), and ALT (210 U/L). Urinalysis shows 3+ protein. Considering the constellation of findings, which of the following underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is MOST likely contributing to the patient's acute presentation?

A 28-year-old G2P1 woman with a history of well-controlled essential hypertension presents at 27 weeks' gestation. Her pre-pregnancy blood pressure was consistently around 120/70 mmHg, managed with low-dose methyldopa. At today's visit, her blood pressure is 158/108 mmHg, and she has 1+ proteinuria on urine dipstick. Which classification BEST fits her current hypertensive state?

A pregnant patient diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at 28 weeks' gestation has been adhering to a strict dietary regimen. Despite this, her fasting blood glucose levels consistently range between 95-105 mg/dL. Which intervention is MOST appropriate?

A 39-year-old G5P4 woman with diet-controlled GDM presents at 40 weeks' gestation. Her estimated fetal weight by ultrasound is 4600g. Amniocentesis indicates fetal lung maturity. Considering the risks and benefits, what is the MOST appropriate management strategy?

A 25-year-old primigravida presents with a blood pressure of 145/95 mmHg at 30 weeks gestation. There is no proteinuria. After delivery, her blood pressure returns to normal within 6 weeks postpartum. Considering that blood pressure was normal prior to pregnancy, what is the MOST accurate classification?

In transient hypertension, what clarifies?

What BP defines severe chronic hypertension?

PIH excludes what finding?

What antihypertensive class is strictly avoided?

Preeclampsia mandates hypertension plus what?

Gestational diabetes is primarily caused by?

HELLP syndrome includes preeclampsia, plus?

When should delivery occur in HELLP syndrome?

In GDM, pancreatic compensation fails 2/2?

Low-risk GDM screening occurs when?

Which GDM patients retest 4-12 weeks postpartum?

Post-GDM, diabetes/prediabetes screening happens how often?

A positive 1-hour GTT mandates what?

During a 3-hour GTT, what automatically indicates GDM?

What's the safest first-line GDM therapy?

A 27-year-old primigravida is identified as high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during her initial prenatal visit. Her initial GDM screening is negative. According to screening guidelines, when should she be retested?

A 25-year-old female with no prior history of gestational diabetes is undergoing a 1-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) as part of routine screening. Following a 50g glucose load, which glucose level is generally considered abnormal, requiring a 3-hour GTT for further evaluation?

A pregnant patient with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been unsuccessfully managing her condition through lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise. What is the recommended first-line therapy for this condition?

A patient is diagnosed with gestational diabetes. The medical student asks what the diagnostic criteria is for GDM with the 3-hour GTT. Which of the following is correct regarding diagnosis?

Which of the following is least appropriate to initially recommend in a patient newly diagnosed with gestational diabetes?

A patient with gestational diabetes is asking about screening recommendations after pregnancy. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate screening strategy?

A patient with a history of gestational diabetes is starting to think about their long term risk of having diabetes. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate screening strategy?

Match the result to the diagnosis:

Which of the following conditions contribute to gestational diabetes?

A pregnant patient presents with a blood pressure of 160/110 mmHg and proteinuria. Which of the following findings would MOST strongly suggest the development of severe preeclampsia requiring immediate intervention?

A pregnant patient with pre-existing hypertension is being managed with labetalol. At 36 weeks gestation, she develops superimposed preeclampsia. Which of the following signs or symptoms would necessitate the addition of magnesium sulfate to her treatment regimen?

A patient presents at her initial prenatal visit with a blood pressure of 150/95 mmHg. She reports a history of elevated blood pressure prior to pregnancy, but has no records available. What step is MOST critical in differentiating chronic hypertension from gestational hypertension?

A 28-year-old primigravida is diagnosed with gestational diabetes at 26 weeks gestation. She is committed to lifestyle modifications. After two weeks, her fasting blood sugars remain elevated (95-105 mg/dL). What is the MOST appropriate next step in management?

A woman with a history of gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy is now 10 weeks pregnant. Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate to implement prophylactically during this early stage of pregnancy?

A 35-year-old G2P1 woman who is 30 weeks pregnant presents with a blood pressure of 160/110 mmHg, severe headache, visual disturbances, and right upper quadrant pain. Her labs show elevated liver enzymes and thrombocytopenia. Which of the following interventions is MOST critical to perform FIRST?

A patient with gestational diabetes asks about the long-term implications for her child. Which statement BEST reflects the infant's risk?

A 33-year-old primigravid woman at 38 weeks gestation presents with a blood pressure of 155/105 mmHg and 2+ proteinuria on urine dipstick. She denies headache and visual changes. Considering the diagnosis of preeclampsia, which of the following findings would necessitate a change in classification to severe preeclampsia?

A 29-year-old patient, currently at 32 weeks gestation, has a history of chronic hypertension managed with methyldopa prior to pregnancy. At today's visit her blood pressure is 160/110 mmHg despite continued methyldopa use, and a urine dipstick reveals 1+ protein. How should her hypertensive disorder be classified?

A 25-year-old primigravida is diagnosed with gestational hypertension at 36 weeks gestation. Her blood pressure is consistently around 150/95 mmHg. She is closely monitored as an outpatient. Which of the following findings would be MOST concerning and warrant immediate hospitalization?

A 30-year-old G2P1 woman at 35 weeks gestation is diagnosed with severe preeclampsia. She is started on magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis and IV hydralazine for blood pressure control. Which assessment is MOST critical to monitor for magnesium toxicity?

A 28-year-old woman, G1P0, presents at 39 weeks gestation with a blood pressure of 165/115 mmHg and 3+ proteinuria on urine dipstick. She denies any headache, visual changes, or abdominal pain. After confirming severe preeclampsia, what is the MOST appropriate next step in management?

A 34-year-old pregnant woman with a history of well-controlled gestational diabetes managed with diet and exercise presents for a routine visit at 38 weeks gestation. Her fasting blood glucose levels have been consistently below 90 mg/dL, and her 2-hour postprandial levels are below 120 mg/dL. There are no other maternal or fetal complications. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate management approach regarding delivery?

A 26-year-old G1P0 woman is diagnosed with gestational diabetes at 28 weeks. She has been adhering to a diabetic diet, but her fasting blood sugars remain elevated (95-105 mg/dL). What is the MOST appropriate next step?

A 31-year-old G2P1 woman with gestational diabetes controlled by diet and exercise delivers a healthy term infant. At her postpartum follow-up visit 6 weeks later, which screening test is MOST appropriate to assess for persistent glucose intolerance?

A 36-year-old woman with a history of gestational hypertension in her first pregnancy is now 10 weeks pregnant with her second child. Which intervention is LEAST likely to reduce her risk of developing gestational hypertension again in this pregnancy?