Hypertension 101
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Questions and Answers

Which blood pressure reading is considered hypertension?

  • 120/80 mm Hg
  • 140/90 mm Hg (correct)
  • 130/90 mm Hg
  • 150/100 mm Hg

    • What is the major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension?

  • Obesity
  • Hypertension (correct)
  • Kidney disease
  • Stroke

    • What is the most preventable risk factor for heart disease and stroke?

  • Obesity
  • High cholesterol
  • Hypertension (correct)
  • Smoking

    • What is the classification of hypertension based on etiology?

    <p>Primary and secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of hypertension based on severity?

    <p>Benign and malignant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenesis of essential hypertension?

    <p>Both genetic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible genetic factor associated with hypertension?

    <p>Polymorphisms in the ACE gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible environmental factor associated with hypertension?

    <p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cause of secondary hypertension?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of benign hypertension?

    <p>Asymptomatic and slow progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine disorder can cause hypertension due to excess glucocorticoid production?

    <p>Cushing syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical feature of malignant hypertension?

    <p>Extreme blood pressure elevation with acute organ dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical feature of benign hypertension?

    <p>Asymptomatic with slow progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of secondary hypertension associated with endocrine disorders?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of secondary hypertension associated with kidney diseases?

    <p>Renin-producing tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of secondary hypertension associated with neurogenic factors?

    <p>Increased intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of arteries are primarily affected by accelerated atherosclerosis in hypertension?

    <p>Elastic and large muscular arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant pathology observed in elastic and large muscular arteries in hypertension?

    <p>Degeneration of media and elastic layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is more specifically affected by pathology in small muscular arteries and arterioles in hypertension?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of hyaline arteriolosclerosis in small arteries and arterioles in hypertension?

    <p>Vessel wall thickening and lumen narrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of arterial fibroelastic intimal hyperplasia in small arteries and arterioles in hypertension?

    <p>Proliferation of intimal myofibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the microscopic pathology associated with "Benign nephrosclerosis" in hypertension?

    <p>all of them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gross pathology observed in kidneys affected by "Benign nephrosclerosis" in hypertension?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the microscopic pathology associated with "Malignant nephrosclerosis" in hypertension?

    <p>Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gross pathology observed in kidneys affected by "Malignant nephrosclerosis" in hypertension?

    <p>Punctate hemorrhages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical feature of "Benign nephrosclerosis" in hypertension?

    <p>Proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the pathology observed in small arteries and arterioles in 'Malignant' hypertension?

    <p>Hyperplastic arterio- and arteriolosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a microscopic pathology associated with 'Malignant' hypertension?

    <p>Multilayered deposition of extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aneurysm is not present at birth and is characterized by spherical outpouchings in the Circle of Willis at branch points?

    <p>Saccular aneurysms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of rupture of a brain aneurysm?

    <p>Subarachnoid hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dilatations in small intra-cerebral arteries that rupture and cause intracranial hemorrhage and infarction?

    <p>Intracerebral microaneurysms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is commonly affected by hypertensive heart disease, resulting in left ventricular hypertrophy?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the deficiency in the ability of the heart to deliver blood to meet the metabolic demands of peripheral tissues, accompanied by organ congestion due to failure of the heart to keep pace with venous return?

    <p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of heart failure is characterized by pump failure and affects the left side of the heart?

    <p>Left-sided congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side of the heart is affected in right-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Right side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of hypertension based on age and stiffness of the heart?

    <p>Diastolic dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive heart disease?

    <p>Increased thickness of LV wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adaptive mechanism that increases myocardial contractility in response to increased stretch?

    <p>Frank-Starling mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physiological cause of myocardial hypertrophy without chamber dilation?

    <p>Increased capillary density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurohumoral response is responsible for increased heart rate and contractility, and vasoconstriction?

    <p>Adrenergic activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of congestive heart failure (CHF) when the compensatory mechanisms can no longer meet the increased demand?

    <p>Organ hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is microscopic pathology of acute changes of left-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic gross pathology observed in the lungs in left-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Pink, foamy fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic microscopic pathology observed in the lungs in left-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>All of the below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pathology of right-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Cor pulmonale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for right ventricular enlargement in response to pulmonary arterial hypertension due to intrinsic lung disease or abnormal pulmonary vasculature?

    <p>Cor pulmonale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a high output state associated with congestive heart failure?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by dilatation of the right ventricle and failure, and may be acute or chronic?

    <p>Acute Cor pulmonale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pathology observed in the liver in right-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Hepatomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic microscopic pathology observed in the liver in congestive heart failure?

    <p>Centrilobular atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fluid accumulation in serosa-lined spaces such as the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities in congestive heart failure?

    <p>Effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fluid that accumulates in the serosa-lined spaces in congestive heart failure?

    <p>Transudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by fibrosis beginning in centrilobular zones of the liver, which may rarely progress to cirrhosis?

    <p>Cardiac cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by distension of central veins and sinusoids in the liver in congestive heart failure?

    <p>Congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by gross appearance of a 'Nutmeg liver' in congestive heart failure?

    <p>Centrilobular congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by right ventricular wall thickening, which may exceed 1 cm in chronic cor pulmonale?

    <p>Chronic cor pulmonale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fluid accumulation in the skin and subcutaneous tissue in congestive heart failure?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

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