Immunity
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary action of epinephrine in the management of anaphylaxis?

  • Interrupt immune response
  • Reduce inflammation in tissues
  • Decrease heart rate
  • Dilate airways and constrict blood vessels (correct)

    • Which of the following is a common manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

  • Photosensitivity (correct)
  • Frequent urination
  • Muscle hypertrophy
  • Increased appetite

    • What treatment measure is used for managing anaphylaxis aside from epinephrine?

  • Antipyretics
  • Immunosuppressants
  • Corticosteroids (correct)
  • Antibiotics

    • In Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, which B cell behavior is commonly observed?

    <p>Hyperreactivity of B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these foods is a common allergen that can trigger anaphylactic reactions?

    <p>Shellfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T-cells in the immune response observed in SLE?

    <p>Regulate inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE-mediated release of histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the severity of anaphylaxis?

    <p>Genetic predisposition to allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is primarily used for immediate relief during anaphylaxis?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypersensitivity type involves phagocytosis due to IgM or IgG antibodies?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic sign of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

    <p>Butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is primarily involved in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>T cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of corticosteroids in allergic reactions?

    <p>They help reduce inflammation and immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an environmental allergen?

    <p>Medical latex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for histamine 1-receptor antagonists in treating allergic reactions?

    <p>They block the action of histamine released from mast cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for anaphylaxis?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is primarily involved in anaphylaxis?

    <p>Type I (IgE-mediated)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of plasmapheresis in the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

    <p>To remove circulating autoantibodies and immune complexes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is commonly used as an immunosuppressant/immunomodulator in the treatment of SLE?

    <p>Azathioprine (Imuran, Cellcept)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of histamine 2-receptor antagonists in the treatment of allergic reactions?

    <p>To provide additional control of urticaria and angioedema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anaphylaxis?

    <p>It is always triggered by insect stings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is typically used for the long-term management of allergic rhinitis (hay fever)?

    <p>Singulair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an allergic reaction and anaphylaxis?

    <p>An allergic reaction is mild, while anaphylaxis is life-threatening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the deposition of immune complexes in tissues?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of bronchodilators in the treatment of allergic reactions?

    <p>Relaxing smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for developing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mast cells in allergic reactions?

    <p>Producing histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE-mediated release of histamine from mast cells and basophils?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for anaphylaxis?

    <p>Reversing anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common manifestation of an allergic reaction?

    <p>Rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do autoantibodies play in the progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

    <p>They trigger inflammation and tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is considered essential for the immediate management of anaphylaxis?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the type of immunity involved in allergic reactions?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the characteristic signs of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

    <p>Butterfly-shaped facial rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic measure is used to manage allergic reactions through desensitization?

    <p>Allergenic extracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily influences the severity of an anaphylactic reaction?

    <p>The quantity of allergen exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is primarily used as an H1-receptor antagonist in the treatment of allergic reactions?

    <p>Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for anaphylaxis?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of plasmapheresis in the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

    <p>To remove autoantibodies and immune complexes from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic sign of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

    <p>Butterfly rash across the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for histamine 1-receptor antagonists in treating allergic reactions?

    <p>Blocking the action of histamine at its receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is commonly used as an immunosuppressant/immunomodulator in the treatment of SLE?

    <p>Azathioprine (Imuran)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anaphylaxis?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of histamine 2-receptor antagonists in the treatment of allergic reactions?

    <p>To block the action of histamine at its receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of plasmapheresis in the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

    <p>To remove immune complexes and autoantibodies from the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic sign of anaphylaxis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of histamine 1-receptor antagonists in treating allergic reactions?

    <p>Blocking the action of histamine released from mast cells and basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE-mediated release of histamine from mast cells and basophils?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mast cells in allergic reactions?

    <p>To release histamine and other mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common trigger for anaphylaxis?

    <p>Penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for anaphylaxis?

    <p>To provide immediate relief and prevent life-threatening complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is commonly used as an immunosuppressant/immunomodulator in the treatment of SLE?

    <p>Azathioprine (Imuran, Cellcept)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of histamine 2-receptor antagonists in the treatment of allergic reactions?

    <p>To relieve symptoms of urticaria and angioedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves phagocytosis due to IgM or IgG antibodies?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hypersensitivity Responses

    • Altered immune response to an antigen, potentially causing harm.
    • Environmental antigens are termed allergens, leading to varied response severity, from mild to life-threatening.

    Types of Hypersensitivity

    • Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylaxis), IgE-mediated, involving histamine release. Common allergens: dust, drugs, stings.
    • Type II: Cytotoxic response, involving IgM or IgG antibodies. Targets cell surface antigens, leading to phagocytosis (e.g., transfusion reactions).
    • Type III: Immune complex-mediated, involves the deposition of immune complexes that damage tissues (e.g., Systemic Lupus Erythematosus).
    • Type IV: T cell-mediated, localized hypersensitivity reactions.

    Risk Factors for Hypersensitivity

    • Previous exposure to allergens.
    • Age, sex, concurrent illnesses, and family history increase susceptibility.
    • Severity of anaphylaxis influenced by the route, amount, rate of absorption, and individual sensitivity.

    Anaphylaxis Overview

    • Extreme allergic reaction to various triggers including foods, medications, and insect stings.
    • Symptoms can range from mild (sneezing, hives) to severe (breathing and circulation restrictions).
    • Symptoms manifest within minutes to hours post-exposure; can recur or last for extended periods.

    Anaphylaxis Management

    • Immediate actions: Airway support, administration of epinephrine, oxygen, antihistamines, and corticosteroids.
    • Pharmacological treatments include:
      • Epinephrine for acute reactions.
      • Antihistamines to block histamine release.
      • Corticosteroids and bronchodilators for inflammation and airway management.

    Allergic Reaction Treatments

    • Pharmacological:
      • Antihistamines: e.g., diphenhydramine; most effective prophylactically.
      • H2 Receptor antagonists: e.g., ranitidine; can complement H1 blockers.
      • Immunosuppressants: e.g., azathioprine; used when steroids are ineffective.

    Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

    • Chronic inflammatory disorder affecting multiple systems with unknown origin.
    • Characterized by autoimmune activity: presence of autoantibodies (e.g., ANA) and B-cell hyperreactivity.
    • Conditions can range from mild to severe, impacting organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys.
    • Management may include pharmacotherapy and plasmapheresis to replace unhealthy plasma.

    Common Anaphylaxis Triggers

    • Drugs: Penicillins, insulins, NSAIDs, and local anesthetics.
    • Insect Venoms: Stings from wasps, hornets, and bees.

    Manifestations of Anaphylaxis

    • Immediate reactions can appear with a range of symptoms affecting respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems.
    • Recognition and swift intervention are critical to manage life-threatening responses.

    Hypersensitivity Responses

    • Altered immune response to an antigen, potentially causing harm.
    • Environmental antigens are termed allergens, leading to varied response severity, from mild to life-threatening.

    Types of Hypersensitivity

    • Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylaxis), IgE-mediated, involving histamine release. Common allergens: dust, drugs, stings.
    • Type II: Cytotoxic response, involving IgM or IgG antibodies. Targets cell surface antigens, leading to phagocytosis (e.g., transfusion reactions).
    • Type III: Immune complex-mediated, involves the deposition of immune complexes that damage tissues (e.g., Systemic Lupus Erythematosus).
    • Type IV: T cell-mediated, localized hypersensitivity reactions.

    Risk Factors for Hypersensitivity

    • Previous exposure to allergens.
    • Age, sex, concurrent illnesses, and family history increase susceptibility.
    • Severity of anaphylaxis influenced by the route, amount, rate of absorption, and individual sensitivity.

    Anaphylaxis Overview

    • Extreme allergic reaction to various triggers including foods, medications, and insect stings.
    • Symptoms can range from mild (sneezing, hives) to severe (breathing and circulation restrictions).
    • Symptoms manifest within minutes to hours post-exposure; can recur or last for extended periods.

    Anaphylaxis Management

    • Immediate actions: Airway support, administration of epinephrine, oxygen, antihistamines, and corticosteroids.
    • Pharmacological treatments include:
      • Epinephrine for acute reactions.
      • Antihistamines to block histamine release.
      • Corticosteroids and bronchodilators for inflammation and airway management.

    Allergic Reaction Treatments

    • Pharmacological:
      • Antihistamines: e.g., diphenhydramine; most effective prophylactically.
      • H2 Receptor antagonists: e.g., ranitidine; can complement H1 blockers.
      • Immunosuppressants: e.g., azathioprine; used when steroids are ineffective.

    Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

    • Chronic inflammatory disorder affecting multiple systems with unknown origin.
    • Characterized by autoimmune activity: presence of autoantibodies (e.g., ANA) and B-cell hyperreactivity.
    • Conditions can range from mild to severe, impacting organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys.
    • Management may include pharmacotherapy and plasmapheresis to replace unhealthy plasma.

    Common Anaphylaxis Triggers

    • Drugs: Penicillins, insulins, NSAIDs, and local anesthetics.
    • Insect Venoms: Stings from wasps, hornets, and bees.

    Manifestations of Anaphylaxis

    • Immediate reactions can appear with a range of symptoms affecting respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems.
    • Recognition and swift intervention are critical to manage life-threatening responses.

    Hypersensitivity Responses

    • Altered immune response to an antigen, potentially causing harm.
    • Environmental antigens are termed allergens, leading to varied response severity, from mild to life-threatening.

    Types of Hypersensitivity

    • Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylaxis), IgE-mediated, involving histamine release. Common allergens: dust, drugs, stings.
    • Type II: Cytotoxic response, involving IgM or IgG antibodies. Targets cell surface antigens, leading to phagocytosis (e.g., transfusion reactions).
    • Type III: Immune complex-mediated, involves the deposition of immune complexes that damage tissues (e.g., Systemic Lupus Erythematosus).
    • Type IV: T cell-mediated, localized hypersensitivity reactions.

    Risk Factors for Hypersensitivity

    • Previous exposure to allergens.
    • Age, sex, concurrent illnesses, and family history increase susceptibility.
    • Severity of anaphylaxis influenced by the route, amount, rate of absorption, and individual sensitivity.

    Anaphylaxis Overview

    • Extreme allergic reaction to various triggers including foods, medications, and insect stings.
    • Symptoms can range from mild (sneezing, hives) to severe (breathing and circulation restrictions).
    • Symptoms manifest within minutes to hours post-exposure; can recur or last for extended periods.

    Anaphylaxis Management

    • Immediate actions: Airway support, administration of epinephrine, oxygen, antihistamines, and corticosteroids.
    • Pharmacological treatments include:
      • Epinephrine for acute reactions.
      • Antihistamines to block histamine release.
      • Corticosteroids and bronchodilators for inflammation and airway management.

    Allergic Reaction Treatments

    • Pharmacological:
      • Antihistamines: e.g., diphenhydramine; most effective prophylactically.
      • H2 Receptor antagonists: e.g., ranitidine; can complement H1 blockers.
      • Immunosuppressants: e.g., azathioprine; used when steroids are ineffective.

    Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

    • Chronic inflammatory disorder affecting multiple systems with unknown origin.
    • Characterized by autoimmune activity: presence of autoantibodies (e.g., ANA) and B-cell hyperreactivity.
    • Conditions can range from mild to severe, impacting organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys.
    • Management may include pharmacotherapy and plasmapheresis to replace unhealthy plasma.

    Common Anaphylaxis Triggers

    • Drugs: Penicillins, insulins, NSAIDs, and local anesthetics.
    • Insect Venoms: Stings from wasps, hornets, and bees.

    Manifestations of Anaphylaxis

    • Immediate reactions can appear with a range of symptoms affecting respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems.
    • Recognition and swift intervention are critical to manage life-threatening responses.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of hypersensitivity responses, including types and risk factors, as well as allergic reactions and their diagnosis.

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