Hypersensitivity Reactions Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by localized symptoms such as wheezing and urticaria?

  • Type I (correct)
  • Type II
  • Type IV
  • Type III

Which of the following is NOT a common manifestation of Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

  • Urticaria
  • Hypotension (correct)
  • Joint pain
  • Fever

What is a recommended action to avoid developing a latex allergy in healthcare settings?

  • Check for products containing natural rubber latex (correct)
  • Use unpowdered latex gloves for all tasks
  • Apply oil-based lotions when wearing latex gloves
  • Use latex gloves only

Which symptom may indicate a serious reaction to latex?

<p>Rash and hives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can mild hypersensitivity symptoms last before resolving?

<p>A few hours to a day or two (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is typically delayed and may include erythema and itching?

<p>Type IV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice should be avoided when using latex gloves to prevent allergic reactions?

<p>Using oil-based lotions on hands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is likely to worsen with acute exacerbations of allergic rhinitis or asthma lasting longer than a couple of days?

<p>Localized infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal in managing allergic rhinitis?

<p>Reducing exposure to the allergen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pharmacologic therapy for allergic rhinitis?

<p>Beta blockers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with allergic asthma?

<p>Chest pain or tightness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended treatment for severe allergic asthma if symptoms persist for more than 2–3 days?

<p>Prescribe oral steroids and antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can patients minimize allergic rhinitis symptoms after being outdoors?

<p>Showering and removing outdoor clothing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of atopic dermatitis?

<p>Erythematous, pruritic, dry skin patches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a management strategy specifically for contact dermatitis?

<p>Applying cool, wet compresses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of skin condition is characterized by a 'target'-like appearance?

<p>Erythema multiforme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When managing drug rashes, what is the initial recommended action?

<p>Removing the offending drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms may accompany contact dermatitis?

<p>Dry, cracked, scaly skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which case might prescription creams or medications be necessary?

<p>Severe contact dermatitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of treatment is generally recommended for erythema multiforme?

<p>Symptomatic management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of drug rashes?

<p>Adverse drug reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes atopic dermatitis?

<p>It is characterized by dry skin patches on various body parts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical symptom of contact dermatitis?

<p>An erythematous, pruritic rash. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common management strategy for drug rashes?

<p>Removal of the offending drug is the first step. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is usually not recommended for erythema multiforme?

<p>Aggressive topical steroids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom that may accompany drug rashes?

<p>Localized redness with small blisters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, which treatment might be necessary?

<p>Topical PDE-4 inhibitors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which management strategy is advised for contact dermatitis?

<p>Applying hydrocortisone cream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about erythema multiforme is incorrect?

<p>It exclusively affects the skin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of allergic conjunctivitis?

<p>Red, watery eyes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of treatment for iritis?

<p>Preserving vision and relieving pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms may indicate a food hypersensitivity reaction?

<p>Abdominal pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important management strategy for headaches triggered by allergies?

<p>Avoidance of known triggers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly recommended for the management of allergic fatigue?

<p>Antihistamines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When experiencing severe anaphylaxis, what is a critical immediate management step?

<p>Administer an epinephrine autoinjector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended action to help manage the discomfort from iritis?

<p>Cool compresses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is often associated with severe allergic reactions, which may lead to convulsions?

<p>Shortness of breath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for vulvovaginitis caused by hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Sitz baths (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the development of symptoms within 3 months following a transplant?

<p>Acute graft-versus-host disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is least likely to be associated with leukopenia caused by autoimmune disease?

<p>Increased appetite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key management strategy for anaphylactic shock?

<p>High-flow oxygen therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly reported in serum sickness?

<p>Shortness of breath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which complication should patients who have undergone a transplant be carefully assessed?

<p>Graft-versus-host disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of treatment for leukopenia, what type of therapy might be administered?

<p>Iron therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of chronic graft-versus-host disease?

<p>Dry eyes (C), Skin reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of immunosuppressant drugs in managing graft-versus-host disease?

<p>To prevent immune system overactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom can develop as a result of anaphylactic shock that may indicate a severe condition?

<p>Throat tightness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypersensitivity Manifestations

Hypersensitivity reactions can range from mild symptoms like rhinitis to severe, life-threatening responses, and can be localized or systemic.

Type I Hypersensitivity

Localized reactions like hypotension, wheezing, GI/uterine spasms, stridor, or urticaria.

Type II Hypersensitivity

Tissue-specific reactions, often causing dyspnea or fever.

Type III Hypersensitivity

Immune-mediated reactions with symptoms like urticaria, fever, and joint pain.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity

Delayed reactions, characterized by fever, erythema, and itching.

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Latex Allergy Prevention

Using nonlatex gloves, powder-free latex gloves, avoiding oil-based lotions with latex gloves, and reporting symptoms promptly to healthcare.

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Latex Allergy Diagnosis

If diagnosed with a latex allergy, avoid contact with natural rubber latex, notify relevant parties, and wear a medical alert bracelet.

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Mild Hypersensitivity Symptoms

Mild responses that can include rhinitis, itchy eyes, and scratchy throats.

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Allergic Rhinitis

An allergic reaction causing symptoms like runny nose, watery eyes, itchy throat, and nasal congestion. It's basically a hay fever attack.

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Allergic Asthma

An allergic reaction that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to shortness of breath, chest tightness, and wheezing.

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Allergic Rhinitis Treatment

Reducing exposure to allergens and using medications like decongestants, antihistamines, or nasal corticosteroids.

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Allergic Asthma Treatment

Similar to allergic rhinitis, but also includes inhaled medications like albuterol and inhaled corticosteroids.

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Severe Allergic Reactions

May require oral corticosteroids to relieve acute symptoms and antibiotics if an infection develops.

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Atopic Dermatitis

A chronic skin condition characterized by itchy, red, dry patches often found on the cheeks, neck, arms, and legs. It's associated with elevated IgE levels.

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Atopic Dermatitis Treatment

Management involves bathing with emulsifying oils, applying moisturizers, and avoiding harsh soaps. Topical steroids, immunomodulators, and other medications might be prescribed for severe cases.

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Contact Dermatitis

A skin rash caused by direct contact with an irritant or allergen. It can manifest as redness, itching, dryness, or even blisters.

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Contact Dermatitis Management

Treatment focuses on avoiding the irritant or allergen. Cool compresses, topical hydrocortisone cream, antihistamines, and prescription medications may be used.

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Erythema Multiforme

A skin and mucosal eruption characterized by "target"-like lesions. It can be triggered by infections or chemicals, and severity varies.

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Erythema Multiforme Treatment

Treatment is mainly symptomatic and involves relieving itching and pain. Identifying the trigger is crucial for proper management.

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Drug Rash

Skin reactions caused by medications, ranging from mild rashes to severe blistering and skin shedding. It's typically symmetrical.

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Drug Rash Management

It involves stopping the offending medication. Antihistamines or steroids might be prescribed for mild cases, while more aggressive treatment is needed for severe reactions.

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Atopic Dermatitis Management

Involves bathing with emulsifying oils, applying moisturizers, avoiding harsh soaps. Topical steroids, immunomodulators, and other medications may be prescribed for severe cases.

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Contact Dermatitis Treatment

Focuses on avoiding the irritant or allergen. Cool compresses, topical hydrocortisone cream, antihistamines, and prescription medications may be used.

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Conjunctivitis from Hypersensitivity

This condition presents with very itchy, burning, red, and watery eyes. Eyelids may also appear puffy. It is caused by an allergic reaction to something like pollen.

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Iritis

This condition usually occurs suddenly, can affect both eyes, and can last up to 3 months. It is caused by certain viral or bacterial infections and manifests as redness, light sensitivity, decreased vision, and discomfort in the eye(s).

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Food Hypersensitivity Reactions

These reactions can present as abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, or bloody stools. They are caused by an allergic reaction to food.

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Headaches from Hypersensitivity

These headaches can be triggered by nasal or sinus congestion, specific foods, or smoke. The headaches are caused by the body's allergic reaction.

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Fatigue from Hypersensitivity

This fatigue can be related to the body’s reaction to an allergen and reaction symptoms that affect sleep patterns. It is caused by your body's response to an allergen.

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Convulsions from Severe Hypersensitivity

These convulsions may result from severe hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis) to specific foods, insect stings, or medications. They are a serious reaction to the allergen and could be life-threatening.

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Managing Severe Reactions

In severe cases, an epinephrine autoinjector may be prescribed, and the patient should be educated on using it correctly. This is used to treat a severe allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis.

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Managing Allergic Reactions

Treatment often involves identifying the trigger and limiting or avoiding exposure. Medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal sprays may be recommended. It's important to understand what causes the reaction and to prevent future ones.

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Arthralgia and Myalgia

Pain in the joints (arthralgia) and muscles (myalgia) caused by inflammation triggered by allergens, coughing, sneezing, and fatigue.

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Vulvovaginitis

Inflammation and irritation of the vulva and vagina often caused by hypersensitivity reactions to chemicals like parabens, sodium sulfate, triclosan, or dioxane.

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Leukopenia, Agranulocytosis, Hemolytic Anemia, Thrombocytopenic Purpura

These are blood disorders caused by autoimmune diseases, drug reactions, or viral infections. Leukopenia is a low white blood cell count, agranulocytosis is a severe lack of white blood cells, hemolytic anemia is a decrease in red blood cells due to destruction, and thrombocytopenic purpura is a low platelet count.

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Graft-versus-Host Disease

An immune reaction occurring after organ, bone marrow, or stem cell transplants. It can be acute (within 3 months) or chronic (after 3 months).

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Serum Sickness

A reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from animals. Symptoms develop up to 2 weeks after exposure and may include rash, itching, joint pain, fever, and other symptoms.

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Anaphylactic Shock

A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can affect multiple organ systems. Symptoms range from mild to severe and can include skin reactions, respiratory problems, gastrointestinal issues, and cardiovascular issues.

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Anaphylaxis Treatment

Treatment depends on severity but typically includes airway management, high-flow oxygen, cardiac monitoring, blood pressure management, IV fluids, epinephrine, antihistamines, corticosteroids, and vasopressors.

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Anaphylaxis Prevention

Identify triggers and avoid them. Wear a medical alert bracelet. Carry an epinephrine autoinjector and know how to use it.

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OTC Analgesics and Antihistamines

Over-the-counter pain relievers and antihistamines can help manage symptoms of arthralgia, myalgia, and other mild hypersensitivity reactions.

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Sitz Baths

Warm water baths for the pelvic area can provide relief from vulvovaginitis symptoms.

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Study Notes

Hypersensitivity Manifestations

  • Hypersensitivity reactions range from mild to severe, life-threatening, and can be localized or systemic.
  • Presensitization to an antigen is required for hypersensitivity.
  • Four types of hypersensitivity reactions:
    • Type I (Localized): Hypotension, wheezing, gastrointestinal/uterine spasm, stridor, urticaria.
    • Type II (Tissue-Specific): Dyspnea, fever.
    • Type III (Immune-Mediated): Urticaria, fever, joint pain.
    • Type IV (Delayed): Fever, erythema, itching.

Mild Hypersensitivity

  • Symptoms include rhinitis, watery/itchy eyes, scratchy throat.
  • Symptoms typically last a few hours to a couple of days and often resolve independently or with over-the-counter treatments.
  • Prolonged, acute exacerbations (more than 1-2 days) may lead to localized infections.

Moderate Hypersensitivity

  • Respiratory symptoms: Difficulty breathing, congestion, loss of smell, taste, and appetite.
  • Skin symptoms: Urticaria, atopic/contact dermatitis.
  • Food allergy symptoms: Urticaria, tingling in the mouth/lips, gastrointestinal symptoms.

Severe Hypersensitivity

  • Respiratory distress, death are possible outcomes to severe reactions.
  • The location of initial reaction or the antigen's method of entry does not affect severity & potential danger.

Latex Allergy Protection

  • Healthcare workers are at high risk due to frequent exposure to natural rubber latex (NRL) products.
  • Check products for the FDA label: "Caution: This product contains natural rubber latex, which may cause allergic reactions."
  • Use nonlatex gloves whenever possible.
  • Use powder-free latex, as powder is an allergen carrier.
  • Avoid oil-based lotions with latex gloves (as they break down the latex).
  • If latex allergy symptoms occur (rash, hives, nasal congestion, conjunctivitis, cough, wheezing), contact employee health.
  • If diagnosed with NRL allergy: Avoid contact, notify physician, dentist, employer, wear medical ID bracelet.

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Explore the different types of hypersensitivity reactions ranging from mild to severe. You'll learn about the symptoms associated with each type, such as localized and systemic responses, as well as the timeline of symptoms from mild allergies to more serious conditions. Test your understanding of hypersensitivity in this informative quiz.

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