60 Questions
Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by skin reactions that are usually papular and erythematous and may involve the feet, eyes, ears, and axile or perianal area?
Type I food allergy
Which of the following skin conditions in dogs tends to respond poorly to corticosteroids?
Hypersensitivity type I food allergy
Which of the following breeds has a major predilection for Atopic Dermatitis (AD) in dogs?
Cocker spaniels
What is a common trigger for Atopic Dermatitis (AD) in dogs?
House dust mites
Which of the following manifestations is commonly seen in dogs affected by Atopic Dermatitis (AD)?
Pruritus
What might chronic licking and scratching lead to in dogs with Atopic Dermatitis?
Hair loss, papules, scaling, and crusting
What is the primary cause of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Histamine release from mast cells and basophils
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions?
Type II
What is required for hypersensitivity reactions to occur?
A pre-sensitized immune state
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction primarily involves immunoglobulin E antibodies?
Type I
What is the traditional classification system for hypersensitivity reactions?
Gell and Coombs
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction primarily involves complement fixation?
Type II
What can provoke anaphylaxis in animals?
Rupture of a hydatid cyst or blood transfusion from a dog infected with Dirofilaria
What type of hypersensitivity is associated with allergies to parasites?
Type I
What is the cause of rapid elimination of transfused red cells in genetically different individuals?
Antibody response to red cell antigens
What type of hypersensitivity is involved in the rapid elimination of transfused red cells?
Type II
What is the result of the elimination of transfused red cells in genetically different individuals?
Both intravascular hemolysis by complement and extravascular destruction through opsonization and removal by the mononuclear phagocyte system
What type of hypersensitivity is associated with red cell antigens and antibody-mediated hypersensitivity?
Type II
What type of cells are primarily involved in the tuberculin reaction?
T cells
Which cells present antigen to memory T cells after tuberculin is injected intradermally?
Langerhans cells
What is the role of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-6 in the tuberculin reaction?
They promote the activation of T cells, macrophages and basophils
Which cells are primarily responsible for tissue damage in the tuberculin reaction?
Macrophages
What happens when an animal is invaded by M.tuberculosis?
Memory cells are generated in response to mycobacterial antigen
What type of immune response is the tuberculin reaction?
Type IV hypersensitivity
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the Arthus reaction?
To phagocytize immune complexes
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily involved in staphylococcal hypersensitivity?
Type III
What is the primary cause of delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
Interactions among the injected antigen, antigen presenting cells, and T cells
What is the primary function of delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
To eliminate antigens resistant to conventional acute inflammatory processes
What is the role of mast cells in the Arthus reaction?
To release neutrophil chemotactic factor and proteases
What is the primary cause of pruritic pustular dermatitis in dogs?
Type III hypersensitivity
What is the major role of IgE mediated responses in hypersensitivity type I?
Control of helminth parasites
Which of the following is a major content of the granules released during eosinophil degranulation?
Cationic proteins and peroxidase
In hypersensitivity type I, what is the primary cause of clinical signs?
Inflammatory mediators from mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils
What type of immune response is characterized by eosinophil degranulation in response to IgE-coated parasites?
Type I hypersensitivity
How do eosinophils primarily contribute to the destruction of large parasites?
Degranulation in the surrounding fluid
Which cells produce molecules that stimulate the release of eosinophils into the bloodstream?
Th cells and mast cells
What percentage of skin diseases in dogs are attributed to allergic dermatitis?
30%
Which of the following foods is commonly involved in food allergies in dogs?
Fish
Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with Atopic Dermatitis (AD) in dogs?
Type I
Which anatomical areas are commonly affected by skin reactions in dogs with food allergies?
Feet and ears
Which breed of dog is NOT mentioned as having a major predilection for Atopic Dermatitis (AD)?
Dalmatians
What is the characteristic response of skin lesions in chronic cases of allergic dermatitis in dogs?
Hyperpigmentation
Which organ is the major shock organ in dogs during acute anaphylaxis?
Liver
Which of the following organs is affected by inhaled antigens in acute anaphylaxis?
Upper respiratory tract, trachea, and bronchi
What percentage of ingested protein is absorbed as peptide fragments large enough to be recognized as foreign?
2%
What happens when an animal undergoes acute anaphylaxis?
It experiences symptoms due to vasoactive molecules binding to their receptors
Which of the following organs is not a major shock organ in cattle, pigs, sheep and cats during acute anaphylaxis?
Intestine
What is the clinical course of acute anaphylaxis determined by?
The organ involvement
What is the primary component of tuberculin used in skin tests?
Purified protein derivate (PPD) tuberculin
When does the inflammation begin after the intradermal injection of tuberculin in a sensitized animal?
Between 12 and 24 hours
What is the result of a skin test in a normal healthy animal when tuberculin is injected?
No apparent response
What is the duration of the greatest intensity of the tuberculin reaction in a sensitized animal?
24-72 hours
What type of immune response is primarily involved in the tuberculin reaction?
Type IV hypersensitivity response
Which organisms are used to prepare PPD tuberculin?
M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, or M. avium
What type of immune response is characterized by enzymes released by neutrophils causing mast cells to degranulate?
Type III Hypersensitivity
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves a pruritic pustular dermatitis of dogs?
Type III Hypersensitivity
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by slowly developing inflammation at the injection site?
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by specialized forms of inflammation directed against antigens that are resistant to elimination by conventional acute inflammatory processes?
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction primarily involves complement fixation?
Type III Hypersensitivity
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by skin reactions that are usually papular and erythematous and may involve the feet, eyes, ears, and axile or perianal area?
Type I Hypersensitivity
Explore the concept of hypersensitivity reactions in immunology, including excessive and undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system. Learn about the traditional classification of hypersensitivity reactions by Gell and Coombs.
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