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Questions and Answers
What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the activation of cytotoxic cells and requires a latent period of sensitization?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the activation of cytotoxic cells and requires a latent period of sensitization?
Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by the presence of anti-CCP antibodies?
Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by the presence of anti-CCP antibodies?
What is the primary mechanism of tissue damage in Type III Hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary mechanism of tissue damage in Type III Hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)?
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What is the typical time course of a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction?
What is the typical time course of a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction?
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What is the primary role of IgE antibodies in Type I Hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary role of IgE antibodies in Type I Hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which of the following is an example of a Type II Hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is an example of a Type II Hypersensitivity reaction?
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What is the characteristic skin lesion seen in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
What is the characteristic skin lesion seen in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
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What is the primary characteristic of DiGeorge syndrome?
What is the primary characteristic of DiGeorge syndrome?
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What is the term for a high white blood cell count indicating infection or inflammation?
What is the term for a high white blood cell count indicating infection or inflammation?
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What is the primary cause of anemia in anemia of acute blood loss?
What is the primary cause of anemia in anemia of acute blood loss?
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What is the term for a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects white blood cells?
What is the term for a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects white blood cells?
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What is the term for a condition where there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin?
What is the term for a condition where there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin?
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What is the term for an anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells?
What is the term for an anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells?
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What is the term for a genetic disorder that affects lymphocyte development?
What is the term for a genetic disorder that affects lymphocyte development?
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What is the term for a low white blood cell count, increasing infection risk?
What is the term for a low white blood cell count, increasing infection risk?
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What is the primary cause of acute bronchitis?
What is the primary cause of acute bronchitis?
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What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
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What is the primary feature of obstructive disorders?
What is the primary feature of obstructive disorders?
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What is the underlying pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
What is the underlying pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
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What is the characteristic symptom of pneumothorax?
What is the characteristic symptom of pneumothorax?
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What is the primary feature of pulmonary edema?
What is the primary feature of pulmonary edema?
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What is the primary presentation of pulmonary hypertension?
What is the primary presentation of pulmonary hypertension?
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What is the characteristic symptom of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
What is the characteristic symptom of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
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What is a common consequence of thrombocytopenia?
What is a common consequence of thrombocytopenia?
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Pernicious anemia is primarily characterized by a deficiency of which nutrient?
Pernicious anemia is primarily characterized by a deficiency of which nutrient?
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Which condition is associated with an increased risk of bleeding due to clotting factor deficiencies?
Which condition is associated with an increased risk of bleeding due to clotting factor deficiencies?
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What symptom is typically observed in a patient with iron-deficiency anemia?
What symptom is typically observed in a patient with iron-deficiency anemia?
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Which sign is commonly associated with hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Which sign is commonly associated with hemolytic disease of the newborn?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes a feature of atherosclerosis?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a feature of atherosclerosis?
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What is a major risk associated with an untreated cerebral aneurysm?
What is a major risk associated with an untreated cerebral aneurysm?
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What clinical feature is often seen in Kawasaki disease?
What clinical feature is often seen in Kawasaki disease?
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What is a primary symptom that differentiates Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) from Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
What is a primary symptom that differentiates Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) from Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
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What is the consequence of untreated infective endocarditis on the heart?
What is the consequence of untreated infective endocarditis on the heart?
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Which symptom is least likely to be associated with heart failure?
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with heart failure?
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In the context of venous insufficiency, which of the following is not a typical symptom?
In the context of venous insufficiency, which of the following is not a typical symptom?
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What serious condition could result from Deep Venous Thromboembolism (DVT) if not treated promptly?
What serious condition could result from Deep Venous Thromboembolism (DVT) if not treated promptly?
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Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with acute sinusitis?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with acute sinusitis?
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What symptom is characteristic of epiglottitis, indicating a potentially life-threatening condition?
What symptom is characteristic of epiglottitis, indicating a potentially life-threatening condition?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of acute pharyngitis?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of acute pharyngitis?
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Study Notes
Hypersensitivity
- Type I Hypersensitivity: immediate allergic reactions mediated by IgE antibodies
- Symptoms: hives, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, edema
- Example: person stung by a bee experiencing anaphylactic shock
- Type II Hypersensitivity: cytotoxic reactions where IgG or IgM antibodies target cells for destruction
- Symptoms: hemolysis, tissue damage
- Example: patient receiving wrong blood type during transfusion
- Type III Hypersensitivity: immune complex-mediated reactions where antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues
- Symptoms: inflammation, tissue damage
- Example: post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis causing kidney inflammation
- Type IV Hypersensitivity: delayed-type reactions mediated by T cells
- Symptoms: localized skin reactions, chronic inflammation
- Example: tuberculin skin test showing delayed reaction in tuberculosis
Autoimmune Disorders
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): chronic autoimmune disease causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage
- Symptoms: butterfly rash, joint pain, kidney damage, fatigue
- Example: young woman presenting with facial rash and joint pain, diagnosed with SLE after positive ANA test
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): autoimmune disorder causing chronic inflammation of the joints
- Symptoms: joint swelling, pain, stiffness, deformities
- Example: middle-aged patient with morning stiffness and swollen joints, confirmed as RA via rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies
Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID): genetic disorder causing profound immune system deficiency
- Symptoms: frequent infections, failure to thrive
- Example: infant with persistent infections and poor growth, diagnosed with SCID and requiring bone marrow transplant
- Selective IgA Deficiency: most common primary immunodeficiency, marked by low levels of IgA
- Symptoms: recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections
- Example: child with recurrent sinus infections and chronic diarrhea, found to have low serum IgA levels
- DiGeorge Syndrome: genetic disorder causing thymic hypoplasia, leading to T-cell deficiency
- Symptoms: congenital heart defects, hypocalcemia, recurrent infections
- Example: newborn with cardiac anomalies, facial dysmorphisms, and low T-cell count, diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome
- HIV Infection: virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4+ T cells
- Symptoms: fever, weight loss, opportunistic infections, Kaposi's sarcoma
- Example: adult with recurrent infections and weight loss, tested positive for HIV and requires antiretroviral therapy
White Blood Cell Disorders
- Leukopenia: low white blood cell count, increasing infection risk
- Symptoms: frequent infections, fever, chills
- Example: patient undergoing chemotherapy presents with recurrent fevers and is diagnosed with leukopenia
- Leukocytosis: high white blood cell count, indicating infection or inflammation
- Symptoms: fever, swelling, pain
- Example: patient with appendicitis shows elevated white blood cell count in blood tests
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects white blood cells
- Symptoms: fatigue, fever, bleeding, bone pain
- Example: child presenting with fatigue, bruising, and bone pain, diagnosed with ALL after bone marrow biopsy
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): slow-growing leukemia affecting lymphocytes
- Symptoms: enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, weight loss
- Example: elderly patient with painless swollen lymph nodes and night sweats, diagnosed with CLL via blood tests showing high lymphocyte count
- Hodgkin's Lymphoma: type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
- Symptoms: painless lymph node enlargement, night sweats, weight loss
- Example: young adult with painless neck lump and persistent night sweats, diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma after lymph node biopsy
- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: diverse group of blood cancers affecting lymphocytes
- Symptoms: swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss
- Example: middle-aged patient with unexplained weight loss and fever, found to have non-Hodgkin's lymphoma on imaging and biopsy
Red Blood Cell Disorders
- Anemia: condition where there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin
- Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness
- Example: patient with chronic fatigue and pallor, diagnosed with anemia through low hemoglobin levels
- Anemia of Acute Blood Loss: rapid loss of blood causing a decrease in red blood cell mass
- Symptoms: hypotension, tachycardia, pallor, fatigue
- Example: trauma patient with significant blood loss from an injury, showing signs of acute anemia
- Anemia of Chronic Blood Loss: slow, ongoing blood loss leading to anemia
- Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, dizziness
- Example: patient with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcers, resulting in anemia
- Hemolytic Anemia: anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells
- Symptoms: jaundice, dark urine, fatigue
- Example: patient with jaundice and dark urine, diagnosed with hemolytic anemia after blood tests
- Sickle Cell Anemia: genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin, leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells
- Symptoms: painful crises, anemia, infections
- Example: child with recurrent painful episodes and anemia, diagnosed with sickle cell disease through genetic testing
- Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn: condition where maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells
- Symptoms: jaundice, anemia, edema
- Example: newborn with severe jaundice and anemia, diagnosed with hemolytic disease of the newborn after Coombs test
- Iron-Deficiency Anemia: anemia caused by a lack of iron, leading to reduced hemoglobin production
- Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, pica
- Example: patient with chronic fatigue and craving for non-food substances, diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia after iron studies
- Pernicious Anemia: anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor
- Symptoms: fatigue, glossitis, neurological symptoms
- Example: elderly patient with fatigue and numbness in hands, diagnosed with pernicious anemia after blood tests showing low B12 levels
Platelets, Hemostasis, and Coagulation Disorders
- Thrombocytopenia: low platelet count leading to increased bleeding risk
- Symptoms: easy bruising, petechiae, excessive bleeding
- Example: patient with unexplained bruising and low platelet count diagnosed with thrombocytopenia
- Thrombocytosis: high platelet count leading to increased clotting risk
- Symptoms: headaches, dizziness, chest pain
- Example: patient with persistent headaches and high platelet count found to have thrombocytosis
- Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP): autoimmune disorder causing platelet destruction
- Symptoms: bruising, petechiae, nosebleeds
- Example: child with sudden onset of bruising and petechiae, diagnosed with ITP
- Hemophilia: genetic disorder causing deficient clotting factors
- Symptoms: prolonged bleeding, hemarthrosis
- Example: young boy with excessive bleeding after minor injuries, diagnosed with hemophilia
- Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS): condition causing hemolysis and kidney failure, often triggered by infection
- Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, hematuria, renal failure
- Example: child presenting with bloody diarrhea and renal failure after E. coli infection, diagnosed with HUS
Arterial Disorders
- Hyperlipidemia: elevated levels of lipids in the blood, increasing atherosclerosis risk
- Symptoms: often asymptomatic, detected via blood tests
- Example: patient with high cholesterol levels identified during routine blood screening
- Hypertension: chronic high blood pressure leading to cardiovascular damage
- Symptoms: often asymptomatic, can cause headaches, vision problems
- Example: patient with consistent blood pressure readings above 140/90 mmHg, diagnosed with hypertension
- Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque in the arterial walls leading to reduced blood flow
- Symptoms: chest pain, leg pain, shortness of breath
- Example: patient with chest pain during exertion, diagnosed with coronary artery disease due to atherosclerosis
- Aneurysm: abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, risking rupture
- Symptoms: often asymptomatic, detected via imaging
- Example: patient with sudden severe headache, found to have a cerebral aneurysm on a CT scan
- Kawasaki Disease: acute childhood illness causing inflammation of blood vessels
- Symptoms: fever, rash, swollen hands and feet
- Example: child with prolonged fever and red eyes, diagnosed with Kawasaki disease after clinical examination
Ischemic Heart Disease and Conduction Disorders
- Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS): spectrum of conditions caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
- Symptoms: chest pain, shortness
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Description
Identify and understand the different types of hypersensitivity reactions, including immediate allergic reactions and cytotoxic reactions. Learn about the symptoms and examples of each type.
