Questions and Answers
What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the activation of cytotoxic cells and requires a latent period of sensitization?
Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by the presence of anti-CCP antibodies?
What is the primary mechanism of tissue damage in Type III Hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)?
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What is the typical time course of a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction?
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What is the primary role of IgE antibodies in Type I Hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which of the following is an example of a Type II Hypersensitivity reaction?
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What is the characteristic skin lesion seen in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
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What is the primary characteristic of DiGeorge syndrome?
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What is the term for a high white blood cell count indicating infection or inflammation?
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What is the primary cause of anemia in anemia of acute blood loss?
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What is the term for a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects white blood cells?
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What is the term for a condition where there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin?
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What is the term for an anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells?
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What is the term for a genetic disorder that affects lymphocyte development?
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What is the term for a low white blood cell count, increasing infection risk?
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What is the primary cause of acute bronchitis?
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What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
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What is the primary feature of obstructive disorders?
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What is the underlying pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
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What is the characteristic symptom of pneumothorax?
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What is the primary feature of pulmonary edema?
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What is the primary presentation of pulmonary hypertension?
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What is the characteristic symptom of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
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What is a common consequence of thrombocytopenia?
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Pernicious anemia is primarily characterized by a deficiency of which nutrient?
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Which condition is associated with an increased risk of bleeding due to clotting factor deficiencies?
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What symptom is typically observed in a patient with iron-deficiency anemia?
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Which sign is commonly associated with hemolytic disease of the newborn?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes a feature of atherosclerosis?
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What is a major risk associated with an untreated cerebral aneurysm?
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What clinical feature is often seen in Kawasaki disease?
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What is a primary symptom that differentiates Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) from Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
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What is the consequence of untreated infective endocarditis on the heart?
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Which symptom is least likely to be associated with heart failure?
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In the context of venous insufficiency, which of the following is not a typical symptom?
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What serious condition could result from Deep Venous Thromboembolism (DVT) if not treated promptly?
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Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with acute sinusitis?
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What symptom is characteristic of epiglottitis, indicating a potentially life-threatening condition?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of acute pharyngitis?
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Study Notes
Hypersensitivity
- Type I Hypersensitivity: immediate allergic reactions mediated by IgE antibodies
- Symptoms: hives, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, edema
- Example: person stung by a bee experiencing anaphylactic shock
- Type II Hypersensitivity: cytotoxic reactions where IgG or IgM antibodies target cells for destruction
- Symptoms: hemolysis, tissue damage
- Example: patient receiving wrong blood type during transfusion
- Type III Hypersensitivity: immune complex-mediated reactions where antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues
- Symptoms: inflammation, tissue damage
- Example: post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis causing kidney inflammation
- Type IV Hypersensitivity: delayed-type reactions mediated by T cells
- Symptoms: localized skin reactions, chronic inflammation
- Example: tuberculin skin test showing delayed reaction in tuberculosis
Autoimmune Disorders
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): chronic autoimmune disease causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage
- Symptoms: butterfly rash, joint pain, kidney damage, fatigue
- Example: young woman presenting with facial rash and joint pain, diagnosed with SLE after positive ANA test
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): autoimmune disorder causing chronic inflammation of the joints
- Symptoms: joint swelling, pain, stiffness, deformities
- Example: middle-aged patient with morning stiffness and swollen joints, confirmed as RA via rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies
Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID): genetic disorder causing profound immune system deficiency
- Symptoms: frequent infections, failure to thrive
- Example: infant with persistent infections and poor growth, diagnosed with SCID and requiring bone marrow transplant
- Selective IgA Deficiency: most common primary immunodeficiency, marked by low levels of IgA
- Symptoms: recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections
- Example: child with recurrent sinus infections and chronic diarrhea, found to have low serum IgA levels
- DiGeorge Syndrome: genetic disorder causing thymic hypoplasia, leading to T-cell deficiency
- Symptoms: congenital heart defects, hypocalcemia, recurrent infections
- Example: newborn with cardiac anomalies, facial dysmorphisms, and low T-cell count, diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome
- HIV Infection: virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4+ T cells
- Symptoms: fever, weight loss, opportunistic infections, Kaposi's sarcoma
- Example: adult with recurrent infections and weight loss, tested positive for HIV and requires antiretroviral therapy
White Blood Cell Disorders
- Leukopenia: low white blood cell count, increasing infection risk
- Symptoms: frequent infections, fever, chills
- Example: patient undergoing chemotherapy presents with recurrent fevers and is diagnosed with leukopenia
- Leukocytosis: high white blood cell count, indicating infection or inflammation
- Symptoms: fever, swelling, pain
- Example: patient with appendicitis shows elevated white blood cell count in blood tests
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects white blood cells
- Symptoms: fatigue, fever, bleeding, bone pain
- Example: child presenting with fatigue, bruising, and bone pain, diagnosed with ALL after bone marrow biopsy
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): slow-growing leukemia affecting lymphocytes
- Symptoms: enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, weight loss
- Example: elderly patient with painless swollen lymph nodes and night sweats, diagnosed with CLL via blood tests showing high lymphocyte count
- Hodgkin's Lymphoma: type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
- Symptoms: painless lymph node enlargement, night sweats, weight loss
- Example: young adult with painless neck lump and persistent night sweats, diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma after lymph node biopsy
- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: diverse group of blood cancers affecting lymphocytes
- Symptoms: swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss
- Example: middle-aged patient with unexplained weight loss and fever, found to have non-Hodgkin's lymphoma on imaging and biopsy
Red Blood Cell Disorders
- Anemia: condition where there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin
- Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness
- Example: patient with chronic fatigue and pallor, diagnosed with anemia through low hemoglobin levels
- Anemia of Acute Blood Loss: rapid loss of blood causing a decrease in red blood cell mass
- Symptoms: hypotension, tachycardia, pallor, fatigue
- Example: trauma patient with significant blood loss from an injury, showing signs of acute anemia
- Anemia of Chronic Blood Loss: slow, ongoing blood loss leading to anemia
- Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, dizziness
- Example: patient with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcers, resulting in anemia
- Hemolytic Anemia: anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells
- Symptoms: jaundice, dark urine, fatigue
- Example: patient with jaundice and dark urine, diagnosed with hemolytic anemia after blood tests
- Sickle Cell Anemia: genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin, leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells
- Symptoms: painful crises, anemia, infections
- Example: child with recurrent painful episodes and anemia, diagnosed with sickle cell disease through genetic testing
- Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn: condition where maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells
- Symptoms: jaundice, anemia, edema
- Example: newborn with severe jaundice and anemia, diagnosed with hemolytic disease of the newborn after Coombs test
- Iron-Deficiency Anemia: anemia caused by a lack of iron, leading to reduced hemoglobin production
- Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, pica
- Example: patient with chronic fatigue and craving for non-food substances, diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia after iron studies
- Pernicious Anemia: anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor
- Symptoms: fatigue, glossitis, neurological symptoms
- Example: elderly patient with fatigue and numbness in hands, diagnosed with pernicious anemia after blood tests showing low B12 levels
Platelets, Hemostasis, and Coagulation Disorders
- Thrombocytopenia: low platelet count leading to increased bleeding risk
- Symptoms: easy bruising, petechiae, excessive bleeding
- Example: patient with unexplained bruising and low platelet count diagnosed with thrombocytopenia
- Thrombocytosis: high platelet count leading to increased clotting risk
- Symptoms: headaches, dizziness, chest pain
- Example: patient with persistent headaches and high platelet count found to have thrombocytosis
- Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP): autoimmune disorder causing platelet destruction
- Symptoms: bruising, petechiae, nosebleeds
- Example: child with sudden onset of bruising and petechiae, diagnosed with ITP
- Hemophilia: genetic disorder causing deficient clotting factors
- Symptoms: prolonged bleeding, hemarthrosis
- Example: young boy with excessive bleeding after minor injuries, diagnosed with hemophilia
- Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS): condition causing hemolysis and kidney failure, often triggered by infection
- Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, hematuria, renal failure
- Example: child presenting with bloody diarrhea and renal failure after E. coli infection, diagnosed with HUS
Arterial Disorders
- Hyperlipidemia: elevated levels of lipids in the blood, increasing atherosclerosis risk
- Symptoms: often asymptomatic, detected via blood tests
- Example: patient with high cholesterol levels identified during routine blood screening
- Hypertension: chronic high blood pressure leading to cardiovascular damage
- Symptoms: often asymptomatic, can cause headaches, vision problems
- Example: patient with consistent blood pressure readings above 140/90 mmHg, diagnosed with hypertension
- Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque in the arterial walls leading to reduced blood flow
- Symptoms: chest pain, leg pain, shortness of breath
- Example: patient with chest pain during exertion, diagnosed with coronary artery disease due to atherosclerosis
- Aneurysm: abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, risking rupture
- Symptoms: often asymptomatic, detected via imaging
- Example: patient with sudden severe headache, found to have a cerebral aneurysm on a CT scan
- Kawasaki Disease: acute childhood illness causing inflammation of blood vessels
- Symptoms: fever, rash, swollen hands and feet
- Example: child with prolonged fever and red eyes, diagnosed with Kawasaki disease after clinical examination
Ischemic Heart Disease and Conduction Disorders
- Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS): spectrum of conditions caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
- Symptoms: chest pain, shortness
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Description
Identify and understand the different types of hypersensitivity reactions, including immediate allergic reactions and cytotoxic reactions. Learn about the symptoms and examples of each type.
