Hypersensitivity and Allergic Reactions
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Questions and Answers

What best describes hypersensitivity reactions?

  • A normal immune response with no harm.
  • An immune response to infections.
  • A response that only affects the respiratory system.
  • An exaggerated response to a harmless antigen. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a common allergen?

  • Dust
  • Animal dander
  • Pollen
  • Bacteria (correct)

    • Which immune components are involved in hypersensitivity reactions?

  • Only antibodies and neutrophils.
  • Just macrophages and lymphocytes.
  • Primarily T-cells and platelets.
  • Antibodies, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and complement. (correct)

    • What are possible clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Contain, fight, expel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Tissue damage or disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by an immediate response such as anaphylaxis?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary immunoglobulin involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are typical of allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Sneezing and watery eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity involves immune complex formation?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypersensitivity type is associated with delayed reactions occurring hours to days after exposure?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the sensitization phase of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>IgE is synthesized and binds to mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Pneumonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'allergy' generally refers to which types of hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Types I and IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical step to prepare for a cutaneous prick test?

    <p>Stop antihistamines 48 – 72 hours beforehand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is predominantly observed in highly allergic individuals?

    <p>Th2 response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the RIST test measure?

    <p>Total IgE level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used for immunotherapy in the treatment of allergies?

    <p>Hyposensitization through allergy shots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive reaction in a cutaneous prick test indicate?

    <p>Redness/edema at the injection site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the RAST test?

    <p>Measures antigen-specific IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine response is promoted by genetic variations in highly allergic individuals?

    <p>Th2 cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about antihistamines in the context of Type I hypersensitivity treatment?

    <p>They alleviate allergic symptoms but do not cure allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies in allergy treatment?

    <p>To bind IgE at receptor sites on mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A)?

    <p>Attracts eosinophils and induces receptor expression for C3b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main mediators released during the early phase of an allergic reaction?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the late phase of an allergic reaction?

    <p>Mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes are released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction is considered the most severe form of a Type I allergic reaction?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common allergens can induce anaphylaxis?

    <p>Insect bites, drugs, and certain foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediator enhances the effects of histamine and contributes to bronchial constriction?

    <p>Prostaglandin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is typically NOT associated with anaphylaxis?

    <p>Itchy sensations in the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the trigger for oral allergy syndrome?

    <p>Cross-reactivity with pollen proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the degranulation of mast cells and basophils?

    <p>Release of preformed mediators such as histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the symptoms of localized Type I reactions?

    <p>Local skin reactions such as urticaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of late-phase allergic reactions?

    <p>Involvement of additional mediators like cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a sudden allergic reaction to red meat indicate?

    <p>Alpha-gal sensitivity due to tick bite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis?

    <p>Rapid pulse and shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timing characteristic of late-phase mediators after allergen exposure?

    <p>6-8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of omalizumab (Xolair) in treating severe-persistent asthma?

    <p>Binds to IgG before it reaches mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by cell-bound antigens?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following outcomes is associated with Type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>Destruction of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes serum sickness?

    <p>Reaction to specific immune globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major component involved in Type III hypersensitivity is:

    <p>Soluble antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contact dermatitis, how long does it typically take for a reaction to manifest?

    <p>48-72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity is mediated primarily by Th1 cells and cytotoxic T-cells?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

    <p>Inhalation of bacteria or chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from the uptake of specific antigens by mast cells?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivity?

    <p>Phagocytosis by neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the opsonization process in Type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>Antibodies coat cell surfaces for phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In TB skin testing, what indicates a positive reaction?

    <p>Induration at the injection site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition represents an increased function of cells beyond normal due to Type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>Graves disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hypersensitivity

    • An exaggerated response to a harmless antigen, leading to tissue damage, disease, or even death.
    • Common allergens: dust, pollen, animal dander, plant materials, metals, foods, medications

    Type I hypersensitivity

    • An immediate hypersensitivity reaction, triggered by allergen exposure.
    • Involves IgE production, binding to mast cells and basophils, and degranulation upon re-exposure.
    • Common causes: dust, pollen, food, insect bites, latex, medications

    Anaphylaxis

    • Most severe allergic response, involving multiple organs.
    • Can result in asphyxiation and death.
    • Often induced by insect stings, drugs like penicillin, food, and latex.
    • Symptoms include airway constriction, swollen lips, tongue, and throat, shock, rapid pulse, dizziness, and loss of consciousness.

    Oral Allergy Syndrome

    • Occurs in individuals allergic to pollen, where cross-reactivity with certain fruits and vegetables leads to itching or tingling in the mouth.
    • Symptoms are usually mild and short-lived.

    Red Meat Allergy

    • Associated with a tick bite, specifically from the lone star tick, which contains a sugar (alpha-gal) found only in animal meat.
    • Symptoms appear 4-6 hours after eating red meat, ranging from hives to anaphylaxis.

    Type I Hypersensitivity Testing

    • Skin testing: A simple and sensitive method using a cutaneous prick test.
    • Lab testing: RAST (Radioallergosorbent test) and RIST (Radioimmunosorbent test) measure antigen-specific IgE and total IgE levels respectively.

    Type I Hypersensitivity Treatment

    • Avoidance: The primary treatment for Type I hypersensitivity.
    • Medication: Antihistamines, bronchodilators, inhaled Corticosteroids, and epinephrine.
    • Hyposensitization: Allergy shots or immunotherapy.
    • Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody: Binds to IgE receptors on mast cells, preventing IgE binding and alleviating allergic symptoms.

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    Hypersensitivity Reactions PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the different types of hypersensitivity, focusing on immediate reactions, anaphylaxis, and oral allergy syndrome. Understand the mechanisms behind these allergic responses and the common allergens that trigger them. Test your knowledge of the clinical implications and symptoms associated with these conditions.

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