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Questions and Answers
What best describes hypersensitivity reactions?
What best describes hypersensitivity reactions?
- A normal immune response with no harm.
- An immune response to infections.
- A response that only affects the respiratory system.
- An exaggerated response to a harmless antigen. (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a common allergen?
Which of the following is NOT a common allergen?
- Dust
- Animal dander
- Pollen
- Bacteria (correct)
Which immune components are involved in hypersensitivity reactions?
Which immune components are involved in hypersensitivity reactions?
- Only antibodies and neutrophils.
- Just macrophages and lymphocytes.
- Primarily T-cells and platelets.
- Antibodies, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and complement. (correct)
What are possible clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions?
What are possible clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a potential outcome of hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a potential outcome of hypersensitivity reactions?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by an immediate response such as anaphylaxis?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by an immediate response such as anaphylaxis?
What is the primary immunoglobulin involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary immunoglobulin involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What symptoms are typical of allergic rhinitis?
What symptoms are typical of allergic rhinitis?
Which type of hypersensitivity involves immune complex formation?
Which type of hypersensitivity involves immune complex formation?
Which hypersensitivity type is associated with delayed reactions occurring hours to days after exposure?
Which hypersensitivity type is associated with delayed reactions occurring hours to days after exposure?
What occurs during the sensitization phase of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
What occurs during the sensitization phase of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with Type I hypersensitivity?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with Type I hypersensitivity?
The term 'allergy' generally refers to which types of hypersensitivity reactions?
The term 'allergy' generally refers to which types of hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a critical step to prepare for a cutaneous prick test?
What is a critical step to prepare for a cutaneous prick test?
Which type of immune response is predominantly observed in highly allergic individuals?
Which type of immune response is predominantly observed in highly allergic individuals?
What does the RIST test measure?
What does the RIST test measure?
Which method is used for immunotherapy in the treatment of allergies?
Which method is used for immunotherapy in the treatment of allergies?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for Type I hypersensitivity?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for Type I hypersensitivity?
What does a positive reaction in a cutaneous prick test indicate?
What does a positive reaction in a cutaneous prick test indicate?
What characterizes the RAST test?
What characterizes the RAST test?
Which cytokine response is promoted by genetic variations in highly allergic individuals?
Which cytokine response is promoted by genetic variations in highly allergic individuals?
What is true about antihistamines in the context of Type I hypersensitivity treatment?
What is true about antihistamines in the context of Type I hypersensitivity treatment?
What is the main goal of anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies in allergy treatment?
What is the main goal of anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies in allergy treatment?
What is the role of eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A)?
What is the role of eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A)?
What is one of the main mediators released during the early phase of an allergic reaction?
What is one of the main mediators released during the early phase of an allergic reaction?
What characterizes the late phase of an allergic reaction?
What characterizes the late phase of an allergic reaction?
Which reaction is considered the most severe form of a Type I allergic reaction?
Which reaction is considered the most severe form of a Type I allergic reaction?
What common allergens can induce anaphylaxis?
What common allergens can induce anaphylaxis?
Which mediator enhances the effects of histamine and contributes to bronchial constriction?
Which mediator enhances the effects of histamine and contributes to bronchial constriction?
Which symptom is typically NOT associated with anaphylaxis?
Which symptom is typically NOT associated with anaphylaxis?
What is often the trigger for oral allergy syndrome?
What is often the trigger for oral allergy syndrome?
What happens during the degranulation of mast cells and basophils?
What happens during the degranulation of mast cells and basophils?
Which of the following best describes the symptoms of localized Type I reactions?
Which of the following best describes the symptoms of localized Type I reactions?
What is a significant characteristic of late-phase allergic reactions?
What is a significant characteristic of late-phase allergic reactions?
What does a sudden allergic reaction to red meat indicate?
What does a sudden allergic reaction to red meat indicate?
What is one of the primary clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis?
What is one of the primary clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis?
What is the timing characteristic of late-phase mediators after allergen exposure?
What is the timing characteristic of late-phase mediators after allergen exposure?
What is the primary action of omalizumab (Xolair) in treating severe-persistent asthma?
What is the primary action of omalizumab (Xolair) in treating severe-persistent asthma?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by cell-bound antigens?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by cell-bound antigens?
Which of the following outcomes is associated with Type II hypersensitivity?
Which of the following outcomes is associated with Type II hypersensitivity?
What causes serum sickness?
What causes serum sickness?
The major component involved in Type III hypersensitivity is:
The major component involved in Type III hypersensitivity is:
In contact dermatitis, how long does it typically take for a reaction to manifest?
In contact dermatitis, how long does it typically take for a reaction to manifest?
What type of hypersensitivity is mediated primarily by Th1 cells and cytotoxic T-cells?
What type of hypersensitivity is mediated primarily by Th1 cells and cytotoxic T-cells?
What is a common cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
What is a common cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Which condition results from the uptake of specific antigens by mast cells?
Which condition results from the uptake of specific antigens by mast cells?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivity?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivity?
What occurs during the opsonization process in Type II hypersensitivity?
What occurs during the opsonization process in Type II hypersensitivity?
In TB skin testing, what indicates a positive reaction?
In TB skin testing, what indicates a positive reaction?
Which condition represents an increased function of cells beyond normal due to Type II hypersensitivity?
Which condition represents an increased function of cells beyond normal due to Type II hypersensitivity?
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Study Notes
Hypersensitivity
- An exaggerated response to a harmless antigen, leading to tissue damage, disease, or even death.
- Common allergens: dust, pollen, animal dander, plant materials, metals, foods, medications
Type I hypersensitivity
- An immediate hypersensitivity reaction, triggered by allergen exposure.
- Involves IgE production, binding to mast cells and basophils, and degranulation upon re-exposure.
- Common causes: dust, pollen, food, insect bites, latex, medications
Anaphylaxis
- Most severe allergic response, involving multiple organs.
- Can result in asphyxiation and death.
- Often induced by insect stings, drugs like penicillin, food, and latex.
- Symptoms include airway constriction, swollen lips, tongue, and throat, shock, rapid pulse, dizziness, and loss of consciousness.
Oral Allergy Syndrome
- Occurs in individuals allergic to pollen, where cross-reactivity with certain fruits and vegetables leads to itching or tingling in the mouth.
- Symptoms are usually mild and short-lived.
Red Meat Allergy
- Associated with a tick bite, specifically from the lone star tick, which contains a sugar (alpha-gal) found only in animal meat.
- Symptoms appear 4-6 hours after eating red meat, ranging from hives to anaphylaxis.
Type I Hypersensitivity Testing
- Skin testing: A simple and sensitive method using a cutaneous prick test.
- Lab testing: RAST (Radioallergosorbent test) and RIST (Radioimmunosorbent test) measure antigen-specific IgE and total IgE levels respectively.
Type I Hypersensitivity Treatment
- Avoidance: The primary treatment for Type I hypersensitivity.
- Medication: Antihistamines, bronchodilators, inhaled Corticosteroids, and epinephrine.
- Hyposensitization: Allergy shots or immunotherapy.
- Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody: Binds to IgE receptors on mast cells, preventing IgE binding and alleviating allergic symptoms.
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