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Questions and Answers
What is the recommended age for measuring plasma lipid profile?
What is NOT included in a lipid profile report?
Which of the following is a complication of high cholesterol?
Which medication is used to lower cholesterol levels?
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What is a key component of managing hypercholesterolemia?
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What is the recommended amount of exercise per week for hypercholesterolemia management?
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What are the two major types of lipids found in the blood?
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What is the primary source of triglycerides in the blood?
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What is the role of cholesterol in the body?
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What is the term for abnormally high levels of fats in the blood?
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What is the primary cause of primary hyperlipidemia?
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What is the risk associated with raised cholesterol levels?
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What is the role of cholesterol in the synthesis of vitamin D?
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What is the classification of hyperlipidemia based on its etiology?
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What is the primary origin of secondary hyperlipidemia?
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What is the term for the process of plaque buildup in arteries, leading to narrowed and less flexible blood vessels?
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What is the result of atherosclerosis in the coronary circulation?
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Which of the following systemic diseases can cause dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic problems?
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What is the purpose of a lipid panel or lipid profile test?
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According to the screening recommendations, who should undergo a lipid panel or lipid profile test?
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What is the calculation for total cholesterol?
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What is the term for the 'good' type of cholesterol that helps remove excess LDL cholesterol from the body?
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Study Notes
Hyperlipidemia
- Hyperlipidemia is a medical term for abnormally high levels of fats (lipids) in the blood, commonly known as high cholesterol.
- The two major types of lipids found in the blood are triglycerides and cholesterol.
- Hyperlipidemia can be inherited, but it's more often the result of unhealthy lifestyle choices.
Function of Cholesterol
- Cholesterol is a lipophilic molecule essential for human life.
- Cholesterol is an important component of the cell membrane.
- It's necessary for the synthesis of:
- Vitamin D
- Steroid hormones (e.g., cortisol and aldosterone)
- Sex hormones (e.g., testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone)
- Bile salts (used in digestion to facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins)
Types of Hyperlipidemia
- Hyperlipidemia can be classified into two broad categories:
- Primary (familial) hyperlipidemia, which derives from genetic disorders
- Secondary (acquired) hyperlipidemia, which originates from an underlying etiology, such as an unhealthy diet, medications, hypothyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes, or a poor lifestyle regimen
Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process
- Excessive cholesterol in the blood circulation becomes trapped in arterial walls, leading to the formation of plaques.
- Over time, these plaques can narrow blood vessels and make them less flexible, a process called atherosclerosis.
- Atherosclerosis can lead to:
- Coronary arterial disease (CAD)
- Stroke manifestations
- Systemic diseases that stimulate an inflammatory response can cause dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic problems, such as:
- Psoriasis
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Depression
- Chronic pain
- Chronic kidney disease
Clinical Presentation
- Hyperlipidemia has no symptoms, and the only way to detect it is through a blood test, such as a lipid panel or lipid profile.
- Screening recommendations include:
- Men older than 35
- Women older than 45
- Presence of diabetes
- Tobacco use
- Family history of cardiac disease
- Personal history of heart disease or peripheral vascular disease
- Obesity (BMI > 30)
- Hypertension
Measurement of Cholesterol
- A cholesterol test measures the following levels:
- Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) or "bad" cholesterol
- High-density lipoproteins (HDL) or "good" cholesterol
- Triglycerides
- Total cholesterol is calculated using the HDL score + LDL score + 20% of the triglycerides score
Diagnostic Procedures
- A plasma lipid profile should be measured in all adults older than 40 years, preferably after a 10 to 12-hour overnight fast.
- The lipid profile reports levels of:
- Total cholesterol
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
- Triglycerides (TGs)
Complications
- Hyperlipidemia can lead to:
- Heart disease
- Stroke
- Peripheral vascular disease
Management / Interventions
- Common cholesterol- and triglyceride-lowering medications include:
- Statins (e.g., Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin)
- Cholesterol absorption inhibitors (e.g., Ezetimibe)
- Omega-3 fatty acid supplements
- The cornerstones of treatment of hypercholesterolemia are:
- Healthy lifestyle
- Optimum weight
- Stop smoking
- Exercising for 150 minutes per week
- A diet low in saturated and trans-fatty acids and enriched in fiber, fruit, and vegetables and fatty fish
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Description
This quiz covers the medical condition of hyperlipidemia, its causes, and the two major types of lipids found in the blood. Understand the basics of triglycerides and cholesterol and how they relate to high cholesterol.
