Hyperconjugation in Organic Chemistry

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Questions and Answers

Which type of orbitals are primarily involved in hyperconjugation?

  • Non-bonding p orbitals
  • Sigma (σ) orbitals (correct)
  • Pi (Ï€) orbitals
  • Antibonding σ* orbitals

What is the term for the interaction between low-lying antibonding σ* orbitals and filled orbitals of lone pair character in hyperconjugation?

  • Resonance
  • Positive hyperconjugation
  • Delocalization
  • Negative hyperconjugation (correct)

What effect does hyperconjugation have on the stability of a molecule?

  • Decreases stability
  • Depends on the specific molecule
  • Increases stability (correct)
  • Has no effect on stability

Which type of bonds can have a direct stabilizing effect through hyperconjugation?

<p>Sigma (σ) bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for hyperconjugation?

<p>No-bond resonance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a nucleophilic substitution reaction?

<p>A reaction in which a nucleophile replaces a functional group in an electron-rich molecule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the leaving group in a nucleophilic substitution reaction?

<p>The leaving group departs with an electron pair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction?

<p>The nucleophile can be either electrically neutral or negatively charged (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal product of a nucleophilic substitution reaction?

<p>The nucleophile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a nucleophilic substitution reaction?

<p>The hydrolysis of an alkyl bromide under acidic conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hyperconjugation

The interaction between filled sigma (σ) bonding orbitals and empty sigma (σ*) antibonding orbitals in adjacent atoms (usually sp3 hybridized).

Negative hyperconjugation

A type of hyperconjugation where a filled orbital interacts with a vacant antibonding π* orbital, especially in allylic cations., leading to a decrease in stability.

Hyperconjugative effect

The weakening or lengthening of a bond due to the donation of electron density from neighboring filled orbitals, typically σ bonds.

Electron delocalization

The ability of a molecule to have its electrons spread out over more atoms, making it more stable.

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Stability

The ability of a molecule to resist change, often due to electron delocalization.

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Nucleophilic substitution

A chemical reaction where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group in a molecule.

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Nucleophile

An atom or molecule that is electron-rich and can donate electrons to form a new bond.

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Leaving group

A group that leaves a molecule with a pair of electrons during a reaction.

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Product

The most prevalent product formed in a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

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Hydrolysis

A type of nucleophilic substitution reaction where water acts as the nucleophile, replacing a leaving group.

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