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Questions and Answers
What type of flow occurs when surface runoff travels over the surface as overland flow and through channels as open-channel flow?
What type of flow occurs when surface runoff travels over the surface as overland flow and through channels as open-channel flow?
What is the characteristic of a stream that shows a series of short-duration spikes in its annual hydrograph?
What is the characteristic of a stream that shows a series of short-duration spikes in its annual hydrograph?
What type of flow is known as storm seepage or subsurface storm flow?
What type of flow is known as storm seepage or subsurface storm flow?
What is the characteristic of a stream that becomes dry soon after the end of the storm flow?
What is the characteristic of a stream that becomes dry soon after the end of the storm flow?
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What is the primary factor that affects the contribution of interflow to the catchment outlet?
What is the primary factor that affects the contribution of interflow to the catchment outlet?
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What type of stream does not have a well-defined channel?
What type of stream does not have a well-defined channel?
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What is the term used to describe the prompt interflow that occurs in response to storms?
What is the term used to describe the prompt interflow that occurs in response to storms?
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What is the characteristic of a stream that shows a clear seasonal variation of rainfall in its annual hydrograph?
What is the characteristic of a stream that shows a clear seasonal variation of rainfall in its annual hydrograph?
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What is the term used to describe the flow that occurs when surface runoff travels over the surface as overland flow and through channels as open-channel flow?
What is the term used to describe the flow that occurs when surface runoff travels over the surface as overland flow and through channels as open-channel flow?
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What is the primary factor that affects the occurrence of flash flows in a stream?
What is the primary factor that affects the occurrence of flash flows in a stream?
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Study Notes
Hydrograph and Stream Flow
- High stream discharges occur during monsoon months, and low flow is maintained during the rest of the year due to base flow.
- The shape of the stream hydrograph and peak flow are controlled by the storm and physical characteristics of the basin.
- Evapotranspiration plays a minor role in controlling the annual runoff volume of a stream.
Runoff Classification
- Runoff is classified into two based on time delay between precipitation and runoff:
- Direct runoff: enters the stream immediately after rainfall, including surface runoff, prompt interflow, and groundwater flow.
- Groundwater runoff or interflow: undergoes deep percolation and reaches the groundwater storage in the soil.
Groundwater Process
- Groundwater is derived from precipitation and recharge from surface water.
- A leaky aquifer is a confined aquifer with aquitards as confining beds.
- A water table is the free water surface in an unconfined aquifer, where the pores of the soil are filled with water.
- The static level of a well penetrating an unconfined aquifer indicates the level of the water table.
Zones of Water
- Saturated/groundwater zone: the space in which all pores are filled with water, with the water table forming its upper limit.
- Zone of Aeration: the soil pores are only partially filled with water, with atmospheric pressure at the surface.
Surface and Subsurface Flow
- Surface runoff: flow that travels over the surface as overland flow and through channels as open-channel flow, reaching the catchment outlet.
- Interflow: contribution to runoff that flows through the soil, also known as through flow, storm seepage, subsurface storm flow, or quick return flow.
Stream Characteristics
- Streams with a short response time to storms have a seasonal variation of rainfall clearly reflected in the runoff.
- Streams with a quick response to storms have a hydrograph showing a series of short-duration spikes, and may become dry soon after the end of the storm flow.
- Some streams do not have a well-defined channel.
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of stream discharge, interflow, and groundwater runoff in the context of hydrology and water cycles.
