Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is hydrology primarily concerned with?
What is hydrology primarily concerned with?
Which form of precipitation mostly occurs in the Philippines?
Which form of precipitation mostly occurs in the Philippines?
What is the primary function of infiltration in hydrology?
What is the primary function of infiltration in hydrology?
What triggers surface runoff to occur?
What triggers surface runoff to occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of worldwide precipitation falls over the ocean?
What percentage of worldwide precipitation falls over the ocean?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process describes water changing from a liquid to a gas?
Which process describes water changing from a liquid to a gas?
Signup and view all the answers
What is another term for groundwater?
What is another term for groundwater?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of percolation in the hydrologic cycle?
What is the primary role of percolation in the hydrologic cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What primarily influences the rate of evaporation?
What primarily influences the rate of evaporation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is transpiration in plants?
What is transpiration in plants?
Signup and view all the answers
How does evapotranspiration benefit crop management?
How does evapotranspiration benefit crop management?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a vital area of study within hydrology?
Which of the following is a vital area of study within hydrology?
Signup and view all the answers
What impact does climate change have on agriculture in the Philippines?
What impact does climate change have on agriculture in the Philippines?
Signup and view all the answers
What trend was observed in rice yields with every 1°C increase in temperature?
What trend was observed in rice yields with every 1°C increase in temperature?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to the vulnerability of the Philippines to natural disasters?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to the vulnerability of the Philippines to natural disasters?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the amount of economic losses in the agriculture sector due to climate change from 2011 to 2015?
What was the amount of economic losses in the agriculture sector due to climate change from 2011 to 2015?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Hydrology and the Hydrologic Cycle
- Hydrology studies the occurrence, distribution, and disposal of water on Earth.
- The hydrologic cycle refers to the continuous movement of water through various phases in nature.
Precipitation
- Precipitation includes rainfall, snow, hail, fog drop, slush, and sleet, with rain being predominant.
- Approximately 505,000 km³ (121,000 mi³) of water falls as precipitation annually.
- Of this, 398,000 km³ (95,000 mi³) falls over oceans, while land receives 107,000 km³ (26,000 mi³) in rainfall.
- Philippines experiences an average mean rainfall of 2,030 mm yearly, with a range from 965 to 4,064 mm.
Infiltration and Percolation
- Infiltration is the process of water entering the soil, crucial for irrigation and flood control.
- Replenishes soil moisture and supports streamflows during dry periods.
- Water travels through soil, termed percolation, and can be absorbed by plants, evaporate, or recharge groundwater.
Surface Runoff
- Surface runoff is precipitation excess flowing over the landscape when it exceeds infiltration rates.
- It directs water to urban sewers, retention basins, rivers, lakes, and wetlands.
Groundwater
- Groundwater moves under gravity from high to low elevations and contributes to baseflow in springs, lakes, and rivers.
Evaporation and Transpiration
- Evaporation transforms water from liquid to gas, influenced by air dryness and temperature differences.
- Transpiration involves water escape from plants through stomata, tiny openings on leaves.
Evapotranspiration
- Evapotranspiration is the combined process of evaporation and transpiration, essential in determining irrigation needs and water availability.
Importance of Hydrology in Engineering
- Hydrology is critical for managing water, influencing fields from geology to engineering.
- Applications include flood and drought forecasting, climate change assessments, and reservoir management.
Vulnerability of the Philippines to Natural Disasters
- Ranked 4th most vulnerable nation to natural calamities from 1995-2015.
- The country faces severe drought approximately every 4 to 5 years, impacting crop production significantly.
Climate Change Impact on Agriculture
- Projected declines in corn yield: 44% by 2020 and 35% by 2050 due to temperature and rainfall fluctuations.
- Significant rice yield declines attributed to El Niño events and rising seasonal mean temperatures, resulting in economic losses of PHP163.6 billion in agriculture (2011-2015).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on hydrology and the hydrologic cycle, including precipitation, infiltration, percolation, and surface runoff. Explore key concepts related to water distribution on Earth and its various phases in nature. Perfect for students studying environmental science or geography.
