Hydrology and Climatology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of checking rainfall records for continuity and consistency?

To identify the instruments used for measurement

To determine the most common form of precipitation

To ensure data is representative of rainfall trends (correct)

To verify the time of precipitation measurement

Which method is NOT listed for estimating missing rainfall data?

Normal ratio method

Quadratic approximation method (correct)

Inverse distance method

Linear programming method

In the normal ratio method, what does the value PD represent?

Estimated rainfall at the station inoperative (correct)

Total precipitation from all stations combined

Difference in annual precipitation values

Precipitation at a neighboring station

How is the normal ratio method utilized for estimating rainfall?

By using the annual precipitation values of neighboring stations Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument is considered a non-recording type of rain gauge?

Symons’ rain gauge Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the overall assessment is based on the end semester examination?

70% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a basic component of the hydrological cycle?

Soil fertility Signup and view all the answers

Why is knowledge of hydrology particularly important for agricultural graduates?

To grow food and manage water resources Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disciplines is considered essential for students who plan to become hydrologists?

Biology Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of the atmosphere plays a significant role in controlling the global climate?

Presence of wind patterns Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Earth's total volume of water is stored in the atmosphere?

0.001% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common form of precipitation?

Fog Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of precipitation in the hydrological cycle?

To deliver atmospheric water to the Earth's surface Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains the process of precipitation formation through colliding water droplets?

The Collision Coalescence Theory Signup and view all the answers

How is precipitation typically measured?

By the depth of collected rainfall on a surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between scientific hydrology and engineering hydrology?

Scientific hydrology is concerned with academic aspects, while engineering hydrology deals with engineering applications. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the hydrosphere?

The total amount of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet. Signup and view all the answers

Which two processes are primarily responsible for transforming liquid water into vapor?

Evaporation and transpiration. Signup and view all the answers

What role does transpiration play in plants?

It helps in the transportation of nutrients from the soil to plant cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the cessation of evaporation?

Saturation of the air with water vapor. Signup and view all the answers

How does evaporation from oceans relate to precipitation?

10% of ocean evaporation contributes to precipitation over land. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not influence the process of transpiration?

Type of vegetation. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the hydrologic cycle is true?

The cycle signifies the continuous movement of water among various earth systems. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course Title: Hydrology and Climatology
Course Code: ES 1104

Assessment Procedure

End Semester Examination (Theory Paper, 2 hours): 70%
Continuous Assessments: 30%
- 2 Quizzes
- 2 Assignments/Presentations/Group Works

Attendance Policy

Students:
- 80% attendance is required for the end-semester exam (theory and practical)
- Absence excuses must be submitted to the lecturer in charge immediately after the missed class (except for medical or sports related absences)
Lecturers:
- Inform students about attendance policies at the start of the semester.
- Submit attendance sheets to the relevant personnel immediately after each lecture.
- Submit excused student absences to the relevant personnel as soon as received.

Course Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

Describe the basic components of the hydrological cycle
Apply runoff estimation methods for watersheds.
Explain the unique characteristics of the atmosphere and its role in controlling global climate.
Demonstrate the use of instruments to measure atmospheric parameters.
Recognize potential causes of climate change.

Importance of Hydrology

Water is central to economic and social development.
Water is essential for health, food production, energy generation, environmental management, and job creation.
Agricultural graduates need to understand hydrology to improve food production, manage the environment, and manage water resources, soil, and nutrients.

Demand for Hydrologists

Students pursuing hydrology need strong backgrounds in mathematics, statistics, geology, physics, computer science, chemistry, and biology.
Hydrologists with agricultural backgrounds play a crucial role in sustainable development.

Introduction to Hydrology

Hydrology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties of Earth's water and its relationship with the environment in every phase of the hydrologic cycle.

Classification of Hydrology

Scientific Hydrology: Focuses on the academic aspects.
Engineering/Applied Hydrology: Focuses on practical applications, water resources, precipitation, runoff, floods, and droughts.

Hydrological Cycle

The continuous movement of water between the Earth's spheres (atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere).
Water exists in various states(solid, liquid, gas).
The cycle includes processes like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration.

Earth Spheres

Biosphere (Ecosphere): The sum of all ecosystems, including living organisms and abiotic factors.
Lithosphere: The rigid, outermost shell of the Earth.
Hydrosphere: The total amount of water on, under, and above the Earth's surface.
Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding a planet.

Hydrological Cycle Processes

Evaporation: The process of liquid water changing into water vapor (gas). Represents 90% of moisture movement.
Transpiration: The loss of water from plants through their stomata. Represents 10% of moisture movement.
Precipitation: The processes by which water falls from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface in the forms of rain, sleet, snow, or hail.
Condensation: Gas forms into liquid water, a key part of the precipitation cycle.

Precipitation (Cont.)

Types of precipitation: Different forms (rain, snow, sleet, hail, drizzle, mist) depending on temperature in the atmosphere.

Precipitation Measurement

Precipitation depth.
Common rain gauge types: standard (non-recording), tipping bucket, weighing (recording).

Data Preparation

Before using precipitation records, check for their continuity and consistency:
Missing data can be estimated by using data from neighboring stations.

Missing Data Estimation

Various methods including simple arithmetic, normal ratio, modified normal ratio and inverse distance.

Formation of Precipitation

Collision-coalescence theory, Bergeron-Findeisen theory

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Description

This quiz assesses your understanding of the fundamental concepts in hydrology and climatology, focusing on the hydrological cycle and runoff estimation methods. Prepare to apply your knowledge of atmospheric characteristics and the various components that influence water movement within ecosystems.