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Questions and Answers
Which one of these is the nucleophile in disaccharide formation?
Which one of these is the nucleophile in disaccharide formation?
Which one of these is the electrophile in disaccharide formation?
Which one of these is the electrophile in disaccharide formation?
Which one of these is the leaving group in disaccharide formation?
Which one of these is the leaving group in disaccharide formation?
What makes an electrophile 'electron deficient'?
What makes an electrophile 'electron deficient'?
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Which one of these is the nucleophile in DNA formation?
Which one of these is the nucleophile in DNA formation?
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Which one of these is the electrophile in DNA formation?
Which one of these is the electrophile in DNA formation?
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Which arrow correctly identifies the nucleophile and electrophile in the formation of triglycerides?
Which arrow correctly identifies the nucleophile and electrophile in the formation of triglycerides?
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Which type of reaction is depicted in the image depicting lipid hydrolysis?
Which type of reaction is depicted in the image depicting lipid hydrolysis?
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What is the enzyme class for the specific enzyme involved in lipid hydrolysis?
What is the enzyme class for the specific enzyme involved in lipid hydrolysis?
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What is the specific enzyme involved in lipid hydrolysis?
What is the specific enzyme involved in lipid hydrolysis?
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What type of reaction is depicted in the image depicting amylase hydrolysis?
What type of reaction is depicted in the image depicting amylase hydrolysis?
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What is the enzyme class for the specific enzyme involved in amylase hydrolysis?
What is the enzyme class for the specific enzyme involved in amylase hydrolysis?
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What physiological process uses the last 3 reactions (lipid hydrolysis, amylase hydrolysis, and peptide bond cleavage)?
What physiological process uses the last 3 reactions (lipid hydrolysis, amylase hydrolysis, and peptide bond cleavage)?
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Enzymes are classified into different classes based on their functions. Which class of enzymes catalyzes redox reactions?
Enzymes are classified into different classes based on their functions. Which class of enzymes catalyzes redox reactions?
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What is the meaning of the term 'redox' in the context of enzymes?
What is the meaning of the term 'redox' in the context of enzymes?
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What defines a redox reaction?
What defines a redox reaction?
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In the redox example of the CAC (Citric Acid Cycle), which molecule has water added to it to make malate?
In the redox example of the CAC (Citric Acid Cycle), which molecule has water added to it to make malate?
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What are FAD/FADH2?
What are FAD/FADH2?
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What are NAD+/NADH?
What are NAD+/NADH?
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Which enzyme class is responsible for redox reactions?
Which enzyme class is responsible for redox reactions?
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Which enzyme class is responsible for hydrolysis reactions?
Which enzyme class is responsible for hydrolysis reactions?
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Which enzyme class is responsible for group transfer reactions?
Which enzyme class is responsible for group transfer reactions?
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Which enzyme class is responsible for condensation reactions?
Which enzyme class is responsible for condensation reactions?
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Which enzyme class is responsible for decarboxylation/elimination reactions?
Which enzyme class is responsible for decarboxylation/elimination reactions?
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Which enzyme class is responsible for dehydration/elimination reactions?
Which enzyme class is responsible for dehydration/elimination reactions?
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Which enzyme class is responsible for hydration/addition reactions?
Which enzyme class is responsible for hydration/addition reactions?
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Which enzyme class is responsible for joining molecules with the use of ATP?
Which enzyme class is responsible for joining molecules with the use of ATP?
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Study Notes
Disaccharide Formation
- In disaccharide formation, the nucleophile is the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide.
- The electrophile is the anomeric carbon of the other monosaccharide.
- The leaving group is the hydroxyl group that was initially attached to the anomeric carbon.
Characteristics of Electrophiles
- An electrophile is considered "electron deficient" due to a partially positive charge or a lack of electrons.
DNA Formation
- In DNA formation, the nucleophile is the 3'-hydroxyl group of one nucleotide.
- The electrophile is the 5'-phosphate group of the other nucleotide.
Triglyceride Formation
- The nucleophile is the hydroxyl group of glycerol, and the electrophile is the acyl group of the fatty acid.
Lipid Hydrolysis
- The reaction depicted in lipid hydrolysis is a hydrolysis reaction.
- The enzyme class involved in lipid hydrolysis is hydrolases.
- The specific enzyme involved in lipid hydrolysis is lipase.
Amylase Hydrolysis
- The reaction depicted in amylase hydrolysis is a hydrolysis reaction.
- The enzyme class involved in amylase hydrolysis is hydrolases.
- The specific enzyme involved in amylase hydrolysis is amylase.
Physiological Process
- The physiological process that uses lipid hydrolysis, amylase hydrolysis, and peptide bond cleavage is digestion.
Enzyme Classification
- Enzymes are classified into different classes based on their functions.
- The enzyme class that catalyzes redox reactions is oxidoreductases.
- The term "redox" in the context of enzymes refers to oxidation-reduction reactions.
- A redox reaction is defined as a reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons.
Redox Reactions
- In the redox example of the Citric Acid Cycle, water is added to fumarate to make malate.
- FAD/FADH2 are electron carriers that facilitate redox reactions.
- NAD+/NADH are electron carriers that facilitate redox reactions.
Enzyme Classes
- Oxidoreductases are responsible for catalyzing redox reactions.
- Hydrolases are responsible for catalyzing hydrolysis reactions.
- Transferases are responsible for catalyzing group transfer reactions.
- Ligases are responsible for catalyzing condensation reactions.
- Lyases are responsible for catalyzing decarboxylation/elimination reactions.
- Isomerases are responsible for catalyzing dehydration/elimination reactions.
- Hydratases are responsible for catalyzing hydration/addition reactions.
- Ligases are responsible for catalyzing the joining of molecules with the use of ATP.
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Description
Test your knowledge on hydrolases and their role in lipid and amylase hydrolysis. Identify the molecules involved, the type of reaction depicted, the enzyme class, and the specific enzymes.
