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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of individuals with executive function impairment?
What is a characteristic of individuals with executive function impairment?
- Difficulty with motivation
- Poor planning and organisation (correct)
- Thinking before acting
- Enhanced ability to generalise
What is a common symptom of short term memory impairment?
What is a common symptom of short term memory impairment?
- Improved motivation
- Increased attention span
- Difficulty following detailed sequence of instructions (correct)
- Enhanced comprehension
What is the meaning of the term 'Hydrocephalus'?
What is the meaning of the term 'Hydrocephalus'?
- Water in the head (correct)
- Head in the water
- Brain in the water
- Water in the brain
What is a possible consequence of altered concept of time?
What is a possible consequence of altered concept of time?
What happens when there is a blockage in the circulation of CSF from spaces within the brain?
What happens when there is a blockage in the circulation of CSF from spaces within the brain?
What is a common symptom of blocked shunt?
What is a common symptom of blocked shunt?
What is the critical point of cerebral mantle thickness below which hydrocephalus becomes untreatable?
What is the critical point of cerebral mantle thickness below which hydrocephalus becomes untreatable?
What is the term for the condition where the lower part of the brain goes further down the spinal cord than usual?
What is the term for the condition where the lower part of the brain goes further down the spinal cord than usual?
What is a characteristic of individuals with short attention span?
What is a characteristic of individuals with short attention span?
What is non-communicating hydrocephalus characterized by?
What is non-communicating hydrocephalus characterized by?
What is a possible treatment option for hydrocephalus?
What is a possible treatment option for hydrocephalus?
What is the main function of CSF?
What is the main function of CSF?
Which of the following is a cause of non-communicating hydrocephalus?
Which of the following is a cause of non-communicating hydrocephalus?
What is the composition of CSF?
What is the composition of CSF?
What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid in relation to the brain and spinal cord?
What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid in relation to the brain and spinal cord?
What percentage of cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus?
What percentage of cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus?
What is the primary site of cerebrospinal fluid absorption?
What is the primary site of cerebrospinal fluid absorption?
What is a common symptom of hydrocephalus in infants?
What is a common symptom of hydrocephalus in infants?
What is the term for the prominent forehead seen in children with hydrocephalus?
What is the term for the prominent forehead seen in children with hydrocephalus?
What is a common long-term effect of hydrocephalus in children with spina bifida?
What is a common long-term effect of hydrocephalus in children with spina bifida?
What is a common difficulty experienced by children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus?
What is a common difficulty experienced by children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus?
What is a common complication of hydrocephalus in children with spina bifida?
What is a common complication of hydrocephalus in children with spina bifida?
What percentage of cerebrospinal fluid is produced by a process other than the choroid plexus?
What percentage of cerebrospinal fluid is produced by a process other than the choroid plexus?
What is the primary location of cerebrospinal fluid absorption?
What is the primary location of cerebrospinal fluid absorption?
What is the primary reason for the expansion of ventricles in paediatric hydrocephalus?
What is the primary reason for the expansion of ventricles in paediatric hydrocephalus?
What is a common physical characteristic of children with hydrocephalus?
What is a common physical characteristic of children with hydrocephalus?
What is the significance of the 'point of no return' in paediatric hydrocephalus?
What is the significance of the 'point of no return' in paediatric hydrocephalus?
What is a common cognitive difficulty experienced by children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus?
What is a common cognitive difficulty experienced by children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus?
What is the primary cause of communicating hydrocephalus?
What is the primary cause of communicating hydrocephalus?
What is the term for the 'soft spots' found on the top of an infant's head?
What is the term for the 'soft spots' found on the top of an infant's head?
What is the term for the condition characterized by excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
What is the term for the condition characterized by excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
What is the role of CSF in the brain and spinal cord?
What is the role of CSF in the brain and spinal cord?
What is the characteristic of non-communicating hydrocephalus?
What is the characteristic of non-communicating hydrocephalus?
What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid in relation to the brain and spinal cord?
What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid in relation to the brain and spinal cord?
What is a common complication of hydrocephalus in children with spina bifida?
What is a common complication of hydrocephalus in children with spina bifida?
What is the term for the condition where the lower part of the brain goes further down the spinal cord than usual?
What is the term for the condition where the lower part of the brain goes further down the spinal cord than usual?
What is the composition of CSF?
What is the composition of CSF?
What is the critical point of cerebral mantle thickness below which hydrocephalus becomes untreatable?
What is the critical point of cerebral mantle thickness below which hydrocephalus becomes untreatable?
What is a characteristic of individuals with executive function impairment?
What is a characteristic of individuals with executive function impairment?
What is a possible cause of experiencing difficulty with comprehension?
What is a possible cause of experiencing difficulty with comprehension?
What is a possible symptom of hydrocephalus in infants?
What is a possible symptom of hydrocephalus in infants?
What is a possible treatment option for hydrocephalus?
What is a possible treatment option for hydrocephalus?
What is a characteristic of individuals with short attention span?
What is a characteristic of individuals with short attention span?
What is a possible symptom of blocked shunt?
What is a possible symptom of blocked shunt?
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Study Notes
Definition of Hydrocephalus
- Hydrocephalus occurs when there is a blockage in the circulation of CSF from spaces within the brain (ventricles) out over the surface of the brain and down the spinal cord.
- When too much CSF gets trapped in the pathway, the ventricles expand and put pressure on the brain.
Aetiology-Based Classification
- Primary (Brain Malformation): Dysgenetic (Focal - Aqueductal Stenosis, Global - Holoprosencephaly)
- Secondary: Trauma, Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage, Infection, Tumour
Classification
- Communicating Hydrocephalus: occurs when more CSF is produced than can be reabsorbed (e.g. meningitis, traumatic brain injury)
- Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus: blockage in the flow of CSF (e.g. spina bifida, tumours, meningitis)
CSF
- CSF is a clear, colourless fluid that provides nutrients to the brain and spinal cord and takes away waste products.
- It acts as a shock absorber between the skull and the brain, and between the spinal cord and the spine.
CSF Production and Absorption
- 50-80% of CSF is produced by the Choroid Plexus through an energy-dependent process.
- 20-50% is a by-product of CNS metabolism.
- Primary site of absorption is the Sagittal Sinus, through a passive process.
Symptoms
- High-pitched cry, poor feeding, vomiting, large head, full and hard fontanelles.
- Headache, lethargy, and sunset eyes (where the white of the eye can be seen at the top of the eye).
Signs
- Large head size or rapidly growing head.
- Full fontanelles ('soft spot') in a baby.
- 'Sunset eyes' and frontal bossing (the forehead more prominent).
Long-term Effects
- Children with spina bifida may have physical problems, learning difficulties, and difficulty concentrating.
- Some may have vision problems, epilepsy, headaches, and early onset of puberty.
- Fine motor skills may be impaired, affecting drawing and sports.
- Short-term memory impairment, short attention span, and diminished motivation/initiation.
Management
- Drainage, surgery, and medication.
- Third ventriculostomy and shunt management (with potential complications of blocked shunt).
Definition of Hydrocephalus
- Hydrocephalus occurs when there is a blockage in the circulation of CSF from spaces within the brain (ventricles) out over the surface of the brain and down the spinal cord.
- When too much CSF gets trapped in the pathway, the ventricles expand and put pressure on the brain.
Aetiology-Based Classification
- Primary (Brain Malformation): Dysgenetic (Focal - Aqueductal Stenosis, Global - Holoprosencephaly)
- Secondary: Trauma, Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage, Infection, Tumour
Classification
- Communicating Hydrocephalus: occurs when more CSF is produced than can be reabsorbed (e.g. meningitis, traumatic brain injury)
- Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus: blockage in the flow of CSF (e.g. spina bifida, tumours, meningitis)
CSF
- CSF is a clear, colourless fluid that provides nutrients to the brain and spinal cord and takes away waste products.
- It acts as a shock absorber between the skull and the brain, and between the spinal cord and the spine.
CSF Production and Absorption
- 50-80% of CSF is produced by the Choroid Plexus through an energy-dependent process.
- 20-50% is a by-product of CNS metabolism.
- Primary site of absorption is the Sagittal Sinus, through a passive process.
Symptoms
- High-pitched cry, poor feeding, vomiting, large head, full and hard fontanelles.
- Headache, lethargy, and sunset eyes (where the white of the eye can be seen at the top of the eye).
Signs
- Large head size or rapidly growing head.
- Full fontanelles ('soft spot') in a baby.
- 'Sunset eyes' and frontal bossing (the forehead more prominent).
Long-term Effects
- Children with spina bifida may have physical problems, learning difficulties, and difficulty concentrating.
- Some may have vision problems, epilepsy, headaches, and early onset of puberty.
- Fine motor skills may be impaired, affecting drawing and sports.
- Short-term memory impairment, short attention span, and diminished motivation/initiation.
Management
- Drainage, surgery, and medication.
- Third ventriculostomy and shunt management (with potential complications of blocked shunt).
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