9 Questions
What is the primary purpose of shunt surgery in treating hydrocephalus?
To relieve pressure and prevent further brain damage
What is the name of the minimally invasive procedure to create a hole in the floor of the third ventricle to allow cerebrospinal fluid to flow out of the brain?
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy
What is the name of the type of shunt surgery that connects the ventricles to the abdomen?
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
What is the main risk associated with shunt surgery?
Infection
What is the name of the imaging test used to visualize brain structure and fluid accumulation in diagnosing hydrocephalus?
Both A and B
What is the name of the procedure that measures cerebrospinal fluid pressure and examines cerebrospinal fluid composition?
Lumbar puncture
What is a common cause of acquired hydrocephalus?
Trauma or bleeding in the brain
What is a type of medication used to manage symptoms of hydrocephalus?
Both A and B
What is a characteristic of congenital hydrocephalus?
Present at birth
Study Notes
Hydrocephalus
Causes
- Congenital: present at birth, often due to genetic defects or maternal infections
-
Acquired: develops after birth, often due to:
- Infections (e.g., meningitis)
- Trauma or bleeding in the brain
- Tumors or cysts
- Stroke or aneurysm
Diagnosis
- Imaging tests: CT or MRI scans to visualize brain structure and fluid accumulation
-
Physical exam: assesses symptoms, such as:
- Enlarged head circumference
- Bulging soft spot on the head (fontanel)
- Vomiting or seizures
- Lumbar puncture: measures cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and examines CSF composition
Treatment Options
- Shunt surgery: a surgical procedure to drain excess CSF from the brain to the abdomen or heart, where it can be absorbed
- Endoscopic third ventriculostomy: a minimally invasive procedure to create a hole in the floor of the third ventricle to allow CSF to flow out of the brain
- Ventriculoperitoneal shunt: a type of shunt surgery that connects the ventricles to the abdomen
-
Medications: to manage symptoms, such as:
- Diuretics to reduce CSF production
- Pain relievers for headaches
Shunt Surgery
- Purpose: to divert excess CSF away from the brain to relieve pressure and prevent further brain damage
- Procedure: a shunt (a thin tube) is inserted into the brain ventricle and connected to a valve and a catheter, which drains CSF to the abdomen or heart
- Risks: infection, shunt blockage or malfunction, and over-drainage or under-drainage of CSF
Hydrocephalus
Causes
- Hydrocephalus can be congenital, present at birth, often due to genetic defects or maternal infections
- Acquired hydrocephalus develops after birth, often due to infections, trauma, bleeding in the brain, tumors, cysts, stroke, or aneurysm
Diagnosis
Imaging Tests
- CT or MRI scans are used to visualize brain structure and fluid accumulation
Physical Exam
- Enlarged head circumference is a symptom of hydrocephalus
- Bulging soft spot on the head (fontanel) is a symptom of hydrocephalus
- Vomiting or seizures can be symptoms of hydrocephalus
Additional Tests
- Lumbar puncture measures cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and examines CSF composition
Treatment Options
Surgical Options
- Shunt surgery drains excess CSF from the brain to the abdomen or heart
- Endoscopic third ventriculostomy creates a hole in the floor of the third ventricle to allow CSF to flow out of the brain
- Ventriculoperitoneal shunt connects the ventricles to the abdomen
Medications
- Diuretics reduce CSF production
- Pain relievers manage headaches and other symptoms
Shunt Surgery
Purpose
- Shunt surgery diverts excess CSF away from the brain to relieve pressure and prevent further brain damage
Procedure
- A shunt (a thin tube) is inserted into the brain ventricle and connected to a valve and a catheter, which drains CSF to the abdomen or heart
Risks
- Infection is a risk of shunt surgery
- Shunt blockage or malfunction is a risk of shunt surgery
- Over-drainage or under-drainage of CSF is a risk of shunt surgery
This quiz covers the causes of hydrocephalus, a condition where there is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, and the methods used to diagnose it.
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