Hydrocarbon Names and Petroleum Products
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Questions and Answers

What is the chemical formula for propane?

  • C5H12
  • C3H8 (correct)
  • C4H10
  • C2H6

Which petroleum product is derived from octane?

  • LPG
  • Gasoline (correct)
  • Kerosene
  • Diesel fuel

What is the primary use of nonadecane?

  • Gasoline
  • Diesel fuel (correct)
  • Lubricating oils
  • Natural gas

Which of the following hydrocarbons corresponds to petroleum ether?

<p>Hexane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of petroleum product is derived from hexadecane?

<p>Lube oils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of addition occurs during the catalytic hydrogenation of alkynes?

<p>Syn addition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product formed after hydration of an alkyne using Hg²⁺/H₂O?

<p>Ketone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is involved in the nucleophilic reaction of acetylenic anions?

<p>SN2 mechanism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the regioselectivity of the hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes?

<p>Anti-Markovnikov (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of product is formed in the ozonolysis of alkynes?

<p>Carboxylic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the electrophilic addition mechanism to alkenes?

<p>The electrophile attacks the pi bond. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rule is followed during the ionic addition of HX to an alkene?

<p>Markovnikov's rule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of electrophilic addition reactions?

<p>Carbocation formation is the rate-determining step. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the compound formed when a molecule splits into two fragments?

<p>Elimination product (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'regioselectivity' in electrophilic addition reactions?

<p>The preference for one direction of bond formation over another. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction converts haloalkane into nitrile?

<p>Nucleophilic substitution with KCN (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reactions leads to the formation of carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol?

<p>Complete oxidation with K₂Cr₂O₇ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of addition is used to convert alkene to alcohol?

<p>Steam hydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reagent would be used for the oxidation of secondary alcohol to ketone?

<p>K₂Cr₂O₇ (mild oxidation) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of aromatic chemistry, what does the symbol X represent?

<p>Halogens like chlorine or bromine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction would you use to convert an alkene into an alkane?

<p>Hydrogenation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction involves heating an alcohol in the presence of an acid to form alkenes?

<p>Dehydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reagent is typically used in the Halogenation of alkenes?

<p>X₂ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which reaction does an alkyne react with water in the presence of mercury acetate to form a carbonyl compound?

<p>Hydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of the Wurtz Reaction?

<p>Formation of alkanes from alkyl halides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct general formula for alkanes?

<p>$C_n H_{2n+2}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hydrocarbon with the formula $C_2H_4$?

<p>ethene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix corresponds to a hydrocarbon containing four carbon atoms?

<p>but- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula for propyne?

<p>$C_3 H_4$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hydrocarbons is an alkene?

<p>ethene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Methane (CH4)

A simple hydrocarbon that is a major component of natural gas.

Ethane (C2H6)

Another component of natural gas, with a slightly higher boiling point than methane.

Propane (C3H8)

A part of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas).

Butane (C4H10)

Another type of LPG.

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Pentane (C5H12)

A hydrocarbon used for petroleum ether.

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Octane (C8H18)

A component used in gasoline (petrol).

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Decane (C10H22)

Part of gasoline.

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Hexadecane (C16H34)

Component of kerosene.

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Octadecane (C18H38)

Used for diesel fuel.

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Petroleum Products

Different fuels and substances obtained from refining petroleum from different boiling points of hydrocarbons.

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Reactivity of C=C

The most common reactions of double bonds involve transforming the pi bond into a sigma bond, which is more stable.

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Addition Reaction

Two molecules combine to form one molecule.

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Elimination Reaction

One molecule breaks down into two or more fragments.

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Substitution Reaction

One fragment replaces another fragment in a molecule.

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Electrophilic Addition

A reaction where an electron-deficient species (electrophile) adds to the alkene, using the pi bond's electrons.

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Markovnikov's Rule

In electrophilic additions to alkenes, the H+ adds to the carbon with more hydrogens already.

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Carbocation

A positively charged carbon intermediate in electrophilic reactions.

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Regioselectivity

The preference for the electrophile to attack at a particular position in a molecule.

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Stereochemistry

Describes the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

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Alkene substitution

Describes how many carbon atoms are attached to a C=C bond

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Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

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Alkane General Formula

CnH2n+2

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Alkane Prefix meth-

Indicates one carbon atom in the molecule.

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Alkane Prefix eth-

Indicates that there are two carbon atoms in the molecule.

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Alkene General Formula

CnH2n

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Alkyne General Formula

CnH2n-2

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Methane Formula

CH4

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Ethane Formula

C2H6

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Alkane Hydrogenation

Converting an alkane to a different alkane using hydrogen gas (H₂).

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Halogenation (UV)

Replacing a hydrogen atom in an alkane with a halogen (X₂) using UV light.

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Haloalkane to Nitrile

Converting a haloalkane to a nitrile using KCN in ethanolic reflux.

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Haloalkane to Different Product

Haloalkane reacts with KOH in ethanolic reflux to produce various possible products, involving an elimination reaction.

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Nitrile to Primary Amine

Converting a nitrile into a primary amine using hot concentrated NH₃ in a sealed tube.

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Alkene Electrophilic Addition (HX)

Adding HX (hydrogen halide) to an alkene, causing an electrophilic addition reaction.

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Alkene Electrophilic Addition (X₂)

Adding X₂ (halogen) to an alkene, causing an electrophilic addition reaction.

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Alkene Steam Hydration

Converting an alkene into an alcohol using steam (water vapor).

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Alkene Dehydration

Removing water from an alcohol to form an alkene.

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Primary Alcohol to Aldehyde (mild)

Oxidizing a primary alcohol to an aldehyde using a mild oxidizing agent like K₂Cr₂O₇.

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Secondary Alcohol to Ketone

Oxidizing a secondary alcohol to a ketone using an oxidizing agent like K₂Cr₂O₇.

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Primary Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid

Complete oxidation of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid using a strong oxidizing agent like K₂Cr₂O₇.

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Alkane Hydrogenation

Conversion of an alkene or alkyne to an alkane using hydrogen gas (H2) and a catalyst (like Ni, Pd, or Pt).

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Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkynes

Adding hydrogen to an alkyne using a catalyst like Pd, resulting in an alkane.

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Nucleophilic Reaction of Acetylenic Anions

Converting an alkyne to an acetylide anion using a strong base, enabling further reactions.

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Alkane Alkyl Halide

Reaction of an alkane with a halogen (X2) in the presence of heat or light (hv) to form alkyl halides.

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Alkane Wurtz Reaction

A reaction between two alkyl halides (RX) using sodium (Na) in dry ether (a solvent). This produces an alkane.

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Partial Reduction of Alkynes (Na in liquid Ammonia)

Reduces an alkyne to a cis-alkene using sodium metal in liquid ammonia.

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Alkane Decarboxylation

Removal of a carboxyl group (-COOH) from a carboxylic acid, producing an alkane and releasing carbon dioxide (CO2).

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Hydration of Alkynes (Markovnikov)

Converting an alkyne to a ketone using mercury(II) ions and water; follows Markovnikov's rule.

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Alkene Hydrogenation

Conversion of an alkene to an alkane using hydrogen gas (H2) and a catalyst (like Ni, Pd, or Pt).

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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkynes (Anti-Markovnikov)

Converting an alkyne to an aldehyde using hydroboration-oxidation; follows anti-Markovnikov's rule.

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Alkene Birch Reduction

Reduction of an alkene to an aromatic compound (e.g., benzene) using sodium (Na) in liquid ammonia (NH3) and water (H2O).

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Ozonolysis of Alkynes

Breaking down alkynes into carboxylic acids using ozone.

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Alkene Halogenation

Addition of a halogen (X2) across the double bond of an alkene.

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Halogenation of Alkynes (Anti-addition)

Adding halogens across the triple bond of an alkyne with anti stereochemistry (trans).

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Hydroxyhalogenation of Alkynes

Adding a halogen and a hydroxyl group across the triple bond with anti stereochemistry.

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Alkene Hydration

Addition of water (H2O) across the double bond of an alkene using an acid catalyst.

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Alkoxyhalogenation of Alkynes

Adding an alkoxy group and a halogen across the triple bond with anti stereochemistry.

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Alkyne Hydrogenation

Conversion of an alkyne to an alkene or alkane using hydrogen gas (H2) and a catalyst (like Pt, Pd).

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Alkyne Hydration

Addition of water (H2O) across a triple bond (C≡C) of an alkyne.

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Hydrohalogenation of Alkynes (Markovnikov)

Adding hydrogen halides (HX) to alkynes, following Markovnikov's rule; multiple products possible.

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Free Radical Hydrohalogenation

Adds HX to alkynes using radicals (ROOR), not following Markovnikov's rule.

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Study Notes

Hydrocarbon Names and Petroleum Products

  • Methane: CH₄

  • Ethane: C₂H₆

  • Propane: C₃H₈

  • Butane: C₄H₁₀

  • Pentane: C₅H₁₂

  • Hexane: C₆H₁₄

  • Heptane: C₇H₁₆

  • Octane: C₈H₁₈

  • Nonane: C₉H₂₀

  • Decane: C₁₀H₂₂

  • Undecane: C₁₁H₂₄

  • Dodecane: C₁₂H₂₆

  • Tridecane: C₁₃H₂₈

  • Tetradecane: C₁₄H₃₀

  • Pentadecane: C₁₅H₃₂

  • Hexadecane: C₁₆H₃₄

  • Heptadecane: C₁₇H₃₆

  • Octadecane: C₁₈H₃₈

  • Nonadecane: C₁₉H₄₀

  • Eicosane: C₂₀H₄₂

  • Natural gas: Methane (CH₄)

  • LPG: Butane, Pentane

  • Petroleum ether: Higher alkanes

  • Gasoline: Higher alkanes

  • Kerosene: Higher alkanes

  • Diesel fuel: Higher alkanes

  • Lube oils: Higher alkanes

  • Petrolatum: Higher alkanes

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Test your knowledge on various hydrocarbons and their derivatives used in petroleum products. This quiz covers names, structures, and common applications of different alkanes and their uses in energy resources. Ideal for students studying chemistry or petroleum engineering.

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