Hundred Years' War Overview

Study Notes

Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts between England and France from 1337 to 1453. This protracted struggle over territorial claims and political power had far-reaching implications for both nations and significantly shaped European history.

End of the War

The Hundred Years' War ended with the Treaty of Troyes in 1428. Under this treaty, King Charles VI of France recognized Henry VI of England as his heir, effectively making him King of France. However, this arrangement did not last long due to the English defeat at the Battle of Castillon in 1453, which marked the end of English involvement in the conflict.

Effects on Society

The Hundred Years' War had profound effects on society during its duration and after its conclusion. It led to increased nationalism in France and England, as well as broader changes in military technology and tactics.

Increased Nationalism

As a result of the war, the monarchies of England and France strengthened their positions within their respective countries. In France, this nationalist sentiment intensified under King Louis XI, who played a pivotal role in rallying support against the English. The war also highlighted the importance of a strong centralized government in terms of maintaining territorial integrity and defending the nation against external threats.

Broader Changes in Military Technology and Tactics

During the Hundred Years' War, there were several significant developments in military technology and tactics. These innovations included the introduction of longbows, which proved highly effective against heavy cavalry charges. Additionally, the construction of fortified towns, known as bastides, became key strategic points in the battles fought between the two warring factions.

Causes

The roots of the Hundred Years' War can be traced back to various factors, including disputes over territorial claims and political allegiances:

Disputes Over Territorial Claims

One of the main causes of the Hundred Years' War was disagreement over territorial claims between England and France. Edward III of England laid claim to the French throne because, through his mother Isabella of Valois, he was descended from previous Capetian kings of France. He believed that these claims gave him the right to rule France and began a campaign of aggression with the intention of enforcing his authority over the whole of the kingdom.

Political Allegiances

Another factor contributing to the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War was the complex web of political alliances among European powers. Edward III sought to expand his influence by forming alliances with other continental rulers, such as Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV and Emperor Charles IV of Bohemia. These alliances threatened the interests of France, leading to tensions that ultimately erupted into armed conflict.

Leaders Involved

Several prominent figures played critical roles in the conduct and resolution of the Hundred Years' War:

Edward III of England

King Edward III of England is often considered the primary instigator of the Hundred Years' War. He launched a series of campaigns in northern France aimed at asserting English control over territorial disputes and expanding his realm.

John II of France

John II, known as John the Good, ascended to the throne of France after the death of his father, Philip VI. During his reign, he faced numerous challenges from the English, culminating in the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. Although this battle resulted in a significant victory for Edward III, it also demonstrated the effectiveness of defensive tactics employed by the French knights.

Charles VII of France

Charles VII, known as Charles the Victorious, played a pivotal role in the end stages of the war. After his election as King of France, he pursued a policy of reconciliation and diplomacy with England, eventually culminating in the Treaty of Troyes in 1428.

In conclusion, the Hundred Years' War was a long and tumultuous conflict that shaped the political landscape of Europe for decades. Its impact can still be felt today, as it laid the groundwork for modern nation states and influenced military tactics that continue to evolve.

Description

Explore the causes, key events, effects, and leaders of the Hundred Years' War between England and France from 1337 to 1453. Understand how this protracted conflict shaped European history, influenced military tactics, and fostered nationalism in both nations.