Humoral Innate Immunity and Acute-Phase Proteins

Proteins that increase in concentration in the blood during inflammation, infection, or tissue injury.

A key acute-phase protein that helps fight infection and can be used to diagnose inflammation.

A protein that helps form blood clots (fibrin) and plays a role in inflammation.

A breakdown product of fibrinogen that can indicate blood clotting issues.

A protein that stores iron and can be elevated during inflammation and infection.

A type of immune system response that is the initial and rapid response to infection or tissue damage.

A part of the immune system that involves proteins and other molecules in the blood.

Protective mechanisms that the body uses to sense and respond to microbial invaders and tissue damage.

A protein that binds to mannose sugars, a component of bacterial and fungal cell walls, helping to activate the immune system.

A protein that plays a significant role in the activation of the complement system, a key part of the immune response.

A complex series of proteins that help clear pathogens and activate other immune cells.

Proteins that help prevent the formation of blood clots in the blood.

A protein that plays an important role in the immune system and can influence the development and progression of autoimmune diseases.

Persistent symptoms that continue after the initial infection has cleared. This can happen after COVID-19, and it is a growing medical concern.

A molecule that plays a crucial role in the innate immune response against SARS-CoV-2, acting as a 'first responder' to the virus by recognizing its components.

A type of cellular receptor involved in recognizing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. These receptors play a vital role in triggering the innate immune response.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a type of receptor involved in recognizing viral nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) within the cell. This recognition triggers the activation of the immune system.

A pathway involved in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 that detects the presence of viral DNA within the cell, leading to the activation of immune signaling.

A complex of proteins within the cell that plays a role in recognizing certain viral components and triggering the release of inflammatory signals.

A protein encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that has been shown to inhibit interferon production. Interferons are essential immune signaling molecules that help fight off viral infections.

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a protein produced by the immune system that helps fight infections and inflammation.

PTX3 levels rise during infection or inflammation, acting as a biomarker to signal the presence of danger.

High PTX3 levels in the blood can indicate a more severe infection and higher risk of complications in patients.

Studies have shown that PTX3 levels can be used to predict how severe an infection will be and which patients may need more intensive treatment.

PTX3 is a protein involved in innate immunity, the body's first line of defense against infections.

PTX3 interacts with other immune cells to signal and activate the immune response, helping to clear infections.

PTX3 can help identify patients with severe sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by a widespread infection.

PTX3 may be a potential therapeutic target in treating sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.

Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are proteins whose plasma concentration increases or decreases significantly during inflammation. They are produced mainly by the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines, like IL-6.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an APP that is produced by the liver and is a major component of the innate immune system. It binds to phosphocholine on the surface of microbes, activating the complement system and promoting phagocytosis by macrophages, thus triggering the immune response.

Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is an APP produced by the liver primarily during inflammation. It plays a crucial role in the host defense by facilitating the recruitment of immune cells to the site of injury and by promoting tissue repair.

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an APP that is produced by various cells, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. It is known to play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity, and its levels are significantly elevated in various inflammatory conditions, including sepsis and viral infections.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an APP involved in innate immunity. It binds to mannose residues on the surface of pathogens and triggers complement activation, promoting phagocytosis and killing of pathogens.

Interleukin-1Ra (IL-1Ra) is a protein that naturally inhibits the activity of interleukin-1 (IL-1), a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Elevated IL-1Ra is associated with COVID-19 severity, as it can suppress the immune response.

Fibrinogen is an APP produced by the liver and is a key factor in blood clotting. Elevated fibrinogen levels are associated with several inflammatory conditions, including infection and trauma.

Ferritin is an APP that stores iron in the body. It is increased during inflammation to prevent iron from being used by pathogens, hindering their growth.

Haptoglobin is an APP that binds to free hemoglobin, preventing iron loss and oxidative damage. It is usually elevated in inflammatory conditions, including infection and trauma.

Albumin is a major protein in blood plasma and is produced by the liver. Reduced albumin levels are observed in various conditions, including inflammation and malnutrition.

Ceruloplasmin is an APP produced by the liver that transports copper in the bloodstream and acts as a ferroxidase, helping to oxidize iron. It is elevated in inflammatory conditions.

Proteins whose levels increase or decrease significantly during inflammation, primarily produced by the liver in response to inflammatory signals.

An acute-phase protein produced by the liver during inflammation. It helps recruit immune cells and promotes tissue repair.

A protein that inhibits interleukin-1 (IL-1), a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Its levels are associated with COVID-19 severity.

An acute-phase protein that binds to free hemoglobin, preventing iron loss and oxidative damage. It is elevated in inflammatory conditions.

The major protein in blood plasma, produced by the liver. Reduced levels can indicate inflammation or malnutrition.

A major acute-phase protein produced by the liver, transporting copper in the bloodstream and oxidizing iron.

The study of how the immune system functions to protect the body from disease and infection.