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Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary functions of antibodies during the immune response?
What is one of the primary functions of antibodies during the immune response?
Which of the following classes of immunoglobulins is involved in allergic responses?
Which of the following classes of immunoglobulins is involved in allergic responses?
What is the role of the Fab regions of antibodies?
What is the role of the Fab regions of antibodies?
Which pathway is activated by IgG antibodies?
Which pathway is activated by IgG antibodies?
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How do protective antibodies respond to a secondary exposure to a microbe?
How do protective antibodies respond to a secondary exposure to a microbe?
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What is one function of IgA antibodies?
What is one function of IgA antibodies?
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What is the primary immunoglobulin class responsible for conferring neonatal immunity?
What is the primary immunoglobulin class responsible for conferring neonatal immunity?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of immunoglobulins?
Which of the following is NOT a function of immunoglobulins?
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Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is characterized by which function of immunoglobulins?
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is characterized by which function of immunoglobulins?
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Which characteristic is NOT one of the two fundamental characteristics of immunoglobulins?
Which characteristic is NOT one of the two fundamental characteristics of immunoglobulins?
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What is the primary function of antibodies in preventing microbial infections?
What is the primary function of antibodies in preventing microbial infections?
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Which type of toxins can be neutralized by specific antibodies known as antitoxins?
Which type of toxins can be neutralized by specific antibodies known as antitoxins?
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What characteristic of microbial surface proteins contributes to host and tissue specificity?
What characteristic of microbial surface proteins contributes to host and tissue specificity?
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What disease is associated with the exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?
What disease is associated with the exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?
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What describes the process of neutralization of microbes?
What describes the process of neutralization of microbes?
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What type of pathogen is Leishmania?
What type of pathogen is Leishmania?
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Which of the following is a serious consequence of tetani toxin exposure?
Which of the following is a serious consequence of tetani toxin exposure?
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What step of infection is primarily prevented by the action of antibodies?
What step of infection is primarily prevented by the action of antibodies?
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What is the first step in the infection process of Leishmania?
What is the first step in the infection process of Leishmania?
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How do antibodies neutralize toxins produced by pathogens?
How do antibodies neutralize toxins produced by pathogens?
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Which molecule is responsible for enhancing phagocytosis through opsonization?
Which molecule is responsible for enhancing phagocytosis through opsonization?
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What type of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in opsonization for enhanced phagocytosis?
What type of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in opsonization for enhanced phagocytosis?
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Which receptor on phagocytic cells recognizes the C3b opsonin?
Which receptor on phagocytic cells recognizes the C3b opsonin?
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What is the role of opsonins in the immune response?
What is the role of opsonins in the immune response?
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Which pathway is activated when C3b deposits on a microbe?
Which pathway is activated when C3b deposits on a microbe?
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What effect does the presence of specific antibodies against Leishmania have on infection?
What effect does the presence of specific antibodies against Leishmania have on infection?
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What role does IL-5 plays in the immune response against helminths?
What role does IL-5 plays in the immune response against helminths?
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How do eosinophils recognize helminthic parasites?
How do eosinophils recognize helminthic parasites?
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What happens after eosinophils bind to helminths?
What happens after eosinophils bind to helminths?
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What reactions are activated by IgE antibodies during allergic responses?
What reactions are activated by IgE antibodies during allergic responses?
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What is the main function of major basic protein released by eosinophils?
What is the main function of major basic protein released by eosinophils?
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In what way do mast cells support the immune response to helminths?
In what way do mast cells support the immune response to helminths?
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Which immune cells are primarily responsible for the release of IL-5?
Which immune cells are primarily responsible for the release of IL-5?
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What is the primary function of the FcεRI receptor on eosinophils?
What is the primary function of the FcεRI receptor on eosinophils?
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What is the primary function of C3a and C5a in the immune response?
What is the primary function of C3a and C5a in the immune response?
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Which of the following describes the process of opsonization?
Which of the following describes the process of opsonization?
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How do antibodies aid in neutralization?
How do antibodies aid in neutralization?
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What is the role of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)?
What is the role of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)?
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What is one consequence of increased neutrophils at an infection site?
What is one consequence of increased neutrophils at an infection site?
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What component of the immune system directly facilitates phagocytosis through tagging microbes?
What component of the immune system directly facilitates phagocytosis through tagging microbes?
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Which mechanism involves antibodies signaling natural killer (NK) cells to attack infected cells?
Which mechanism involves antibodies signaling natural killer (NK) cells to attack infected cells?
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What results from the action of eosinophils on helminths?
What results from the action of eosinophils on helminths?
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Study Notes
Humoral Immune Response II
- The lecture covered various aspects of humoral immune response
- Key functions of immunoglobulins were discussed, along with the role of NK cells.
- Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement activation were also explored.
- Details on IgA, role, and mechanism of action were examined.
- Foetalprotection by maternal antibodies was described
- Antibodies are produced during primary and secondary responses to microbes, increasing in amount in the subsequent responses.
- Antibodies use Fab regions to bind and block the harmful effects of microbes and toxins.
- Fc regions activate diverse effector mechanisms.
- 5 major classes of immunoglobulins ( IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD).
- Antibody structure was detailed using diagrams. Light chains, heavy chains, and disulfide bonds were identified. Sections like Fab and Fc regions were explained.
- Antibody classification was presented using diagrams, showing details of each immunoglobulin's structure. (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD).
- Serum concentrations and half-lives of antibodies such as IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM were also given. There were values shown for serum concentrations in mg/ml, and their corresponding half-lives in days.
- Antibody effector functions were discussed, highlighting their roles in neutralization, opsonization, phagocytosis, complement activation, activation of NK cells, neonatal immunity, B-cell feedback inhibition, IgA mucosal immunity, eosinophil and mast cell-mediated defense (e.g., response to helminths).
- Function of Immunoglobulins was summarized as specificity and biological activity with examples like neutralization, opsonization, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement activation. Information was presented in the form of a list.
- Neutralization of microbes and microbial toxins was examined. Antibodies block microbe penetration through epithelial barriers and microbes binding to host cells preventing infection in addition to blocking toxin binding to cellular receptors.
- Opsonization and phagocytosis by antibodies were also discussed, including their function in enhancing ingestion by phagocytes. IgG, C3b, and Fc regions were mentioned.
- Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanisms and natural killer (NK) cells were described. NK cells bind to antibody-coated cells for destruction.
- Further discussed the importance of ADCC regarding viruses, cancers, and therapeutic antibodies.
- IgE and eosinophil/mast cell-mediated reactions were covered, mentioning their roles in allergic diseases and responses to parasitic helminths. The activation of Th2 cells, cytokine (IL-5) production was part of this discussion.
- Neonatal immunity and specific mechanisms were described including antibody transport across the placenta and in colostrum and milk for infants. These mechanisms were presented and supported by different data.
- Complement activation pathways were discussed, focusing on the classic, alternative, and lectin pathways. Detailed steps and factors involved in each pathway were presented.
- Complement activation sequences resulted in inflammation and important roles in opsonization, complement-mediated cytolysis etc were highlighted.
- Regulation of complement activation via regulatory proteins. Some factors such as C1 inhibitor, and decay-accelerating factor were mentioned.
- Mucosal immunity focusing on IgA and its roles in preventing microbial colonization. Its secretion in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts to prevent pathogens from spreading was mentioned in addition to its production by plasma cells. Important processes involving IgA were detailed.
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Description
This quiz tests your understanding of the humoral immune response, focusing on immunoglobulins and their key functions. Topics include antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, the mechanisms of action of different immunoglobulin classes, and the structural details of antibodies. Explore how maternal antibodies protect the fetus and the role of antibodies in immune responses.
