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Humanities Chapter 24 Quiz
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Humanities Chapter 24 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following distinguishes the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke?

  • Hobbes believed that authority should be held by those governed.
  • Locke believed that the governing ruler or body should have ultimate authority.
  • Locke believed that authority should be held by those governed. (correct)
  • Hobbes believed that the governing ruler or body should have ultimate authority. (correct)
  • How did Thomas Hobbes describe human life without the state?

    solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short

    What major event occurred two years before Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan?

    Charles I was beheaded

    Whose theories of government influenced the Glorious Revolution, American Revolution, and French Revolution?

    <p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whose separation of powers proposal influenced the Constitution of the United States?

    <p>Montesquieu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ideals expressed in the American Declaration of Independence were influenced most by which two thinkers?

    <p>Charles Montesquieu and John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abigail Adams wrote, 'Remember all men would be __________ if they could.'

    <p>tyrants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the Constitution of the United States written?

    <p>1787</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A social __________ is the theory that the authority for government is derived from an agreement between individuals and the state.

    <p>contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to John Locke, what is the purpose of government?

    <p>to preserve the rights of the governed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whose ideas are followed by the division of the U.S. government into three branches?

    <p>Montesquieu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Adam Smith, wealth in the natural economic order is based primarily on what?

    <p>the labor of self-interested individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The philosophes were interested in developing new ideas, but felt that intellectual pursuits could not impact society.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the writers of the famous Encyclopédie?

    <p>Denis Diderot and Voltaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some accomplishments of Madame du Châtelet?

    <p>becoming an authority in mathematics and physics and translating classical works into French</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the goal of Diderot's Encyclopédie?

    <p>transform society through knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the philosopher behind 'philosophical optimism'?

    <p>Gottfried Leibniz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cesaré de Beccaria championed reform of what?

    <p>prisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Nicholas de Condorcet envision in his Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind?

    <p>a guaranteed livelihood for the aged, a universal system of education, and fewer work hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which 18th century figures explicitly argued for women's rights?

    <p>Mary Wollstonecraft, Antoine Nicolas de Condorcet, Abigail Adams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the rise of newspapers and periodicals in the 18th century have on prose style?

    <p>made prose style more informal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the poetic form known as that Alexander Pope used for his satires?

    <p>heroic couplet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the author of A Vindication of the Rights of Women?

    <p>Mary Wollstonecraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The novel first appeared in __________ and ___________.

    <p>China; Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What literary forms rose during the Enlightenment?

    <p>novel, encyclopedia, newspaper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Philosophers and Their Ideas

    • Thomas Hobbes believed in absolute authority for rulers, envisioning life without government as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
    • John Locke argued for government authority derived from the consent of the governed, emphasizing preservation of their rights.
    • Montesquieu advocated for a separation of powers into three branches (executive, legislative, judicial), influencing the U.S. Constitution.

    Key Historical Context

    • Hobbes published "Leviathan" posthumously in 1651, shortly after the beheading of Charles I.
    • Locke's ideas significantly influenced the Glorious, American, and French Revolutions, shaping modern democratic principles.

    Women's Rights and Advocacy

    • Abigail Adams urged her husband, John Adams, to consider women's rights, indicating men could become tyrants if given the chance.
    • Mary Wollstonecraft authored "A Vindication of the Rights of Women," asserting women's equality and rights.

    Enlightenment Developments

    • The U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, reflecting Enlightenment ideals.
    • The concept of a social contract suggests governance stems from an agreement between individuals and their government.

    Economic Theories

    • Adam Smith highlighted that wealth arises from the labor of self-interested individuals, laying the foundation for modern economic thought.

    Contributions to Knowledge

    • Denis Diderot and Voltaire were key figures behind the "Encyclopédie," aimed at societal transformation through disseminating knowledge.
    • Madame du Chatelet made significant contributions to mathematics, physics, and translating classical works into French.

    Progression of Ideas

    • Gottfried Leibniz promoted "philosophical optimism," positing our world as better than others.
    • Cesare Beccaria advocated for prison reforms, highlighting humane treatment for inmates.

    Vision for the Future

    • Nicholas de Condorcet envisioned advancements like universal education, a guaranteed livelihood for the elderly, and reduced work hours in his work "Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind."

    Cultural Shifts

    • The rise of newspapers and periodicals in the 18th century made prose more informal and accessible.
    • The novel form originated in China and Japan, marking significant literary development during this period.

    Literary Contributions

    • Alexander Pope was notable for his use of heroic couplets in satires and translations, particularly of Homer.

    Legacy of the Enlightenment

    • The Enlightenment heralded the emergence of influential literary forms, including the novel, encyclopedia, and newspaper, reshaping communication and knowledge dissemination.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the key concepts surrounding the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Understand their differing views on governance and human nature as discussed in Humanities Chapter 24. Test your knowledge with flashcards covering essential definitions and ideas.

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