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Which of the following strengths is NOT listed as fostering personal growth and well-being?
What is the main psychological benefit of optimism?
Diener et al (2018) discovered what about worldwide happiness?
What is the maximum income level at which money increases happiness?
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Which component of the PERMA model is considered essential for well-being?
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What does the theoretical construct of well-being imply?
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What is known as the 'hedonic treadmill'?
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What percentage of Americans report being above the midpoint in their happiness scores?
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What does humanistic psychology primarily focus on?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with humanistic psychology?
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According to Maslow, which set of needs must be fulfilled first before achieving self-actualization?
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What is considered a characteristic of the 'esteem' level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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In Maslow's hierarchy, deficit motives are primarily associated with which aspect?
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Why is it important to study humanistic psychology?
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Which need is considered the first level in Maslow’s hierarchy?
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What does self-actualization enable an individual to do, according to Maslow?
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What type of motives are the first four levels in Maslow's hierarchy?
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Which of the following best describes aesthetic needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
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What is the nature of peak experiences as described in the context of self-actualization?
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According to modern research on Maslow’s hierarchy, which of the following is suggested?
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In Carl Rogers' theory, what is meant by 'conditions of worth'?
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What does the organismic valuing process refer to in Rogers’ theory?
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What is the primary goal of self-actualization according to Carl Rogers?
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Which of the following is considered an ultimate need in Maslow's hierarchy?
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What is the purpose of the Organismic Valuing Process (OVP)?
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Which of the following best describes unconditional positive regard?
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What characterizes a congruent self-concept?
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According to Rogers, which trait does NOT define a fully functioning individual?
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What is a primary focus of the humanistic approach to psychotherapy?
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Which criticism pertains to humanistic psychology's methodology?
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How does positive psychology differ from traditional psychology?
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Why are personal strengths significant in positive psychology?
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What role does dopamine play in motivation?
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Which of the following is NOT a function associated with dopamine in the body?
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What happens if dopamine levels are excessively high?
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What misconception exists about dopamine detox?
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Which area is likely involved in the experience of pleasure in the brain?
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What is a consequence of depleted dopamine levels?
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How does dopamine relate to reward prediction?
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How do ADHD drugs affect motivation according to recent findings?
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Study Notes
Humanistic Psychology
- Humanistic psychology emerged as a response to behaviorism and psychoanalysis, rejecting the views that behavior is solely driven by rewards, punishments, or sexual motivations.
- Emphasizes the healthy development of human potential, known as self-actualization.
- Key characteristics include:
- Focus on higher functions, improvement, and goal achievement after meeting basic needs.
- Active engagement: humans are seen as creators of their own experiences rather than passive responders.
- Positive view of human nature: belief in free will and the intrinsic goodness of people.
- Self-actualization as a fundamental psychological need, aiming for life enhancement and personal fulfillment.
- Studying humanism is valuable due to its cultural impact, influence on counseling techniques, and its role as a precursor to positive psychology.
Maslow's Self-Actualization
- Defined as self-fulfillment and achieving one’s fullest potential.
- Hierarchy of needs includes:
- Physiological: basic survival requirements (food, water, shelter).
- Safety: the need for security and protection from harm.
- Belonging: social relationships and connection with others.
- Esteem: self-respect and recognition from others.
- Distinction between deficit motives (first four needs) aimed at reducing tension versus growth motives (self-actualization) focused on personal development.
- Includes aesthetic needs (appreciation of beauty) and cognitive needs (desire to learn and solve problems) as part of the hierarchy.
- Other potential ultimate needs identified include reproductive goals, the search for meaning, and the pursuit of happiness.
- Peak experiences are profound moments characterized by joy, control, and awe; more frequent in self-actualized individuals.
- Modern research critiques Maslow’s hierarchy, suggesting a simplified two-tiered model for personal growth.
Rogers' Self-Actualizing Tendency
- According to Rogers, self-actualization involves following one's inner guidance toward authenticity and fulfillment.
- Components of Rogers’ theory:
- Organismic Valuing Process: internal mechanism to assess experiences based on their growth-enhancing properties.
- Unconditional Positive Regard: acceptance without conditions to foster self-acceptance and positive self-regard.
- Conditions of Worth: perceptions that affect self-esteem based on external validation.
- Congruent Self-Concept: alignment between self-perception and personal beliefs.
- A fully functioning individual is open to experiences, trusts their inner guidance, and acts authentically.
Humanistic Approach to Psychotherapy
- Emphasizes a non-directive approach where therapists facilitate self-exploration rather than imposing solutions.
Criticism of Humanistic Theories
- Critiqued for its overly idealistic views and potential for selfishness.
- Concerns about the vague constructs lacking empirical support.
- Issues related to the concept of evil and human capacity for harm.
Positive Psychology
- Shifts focus from mental illness to fostering strengths and enhancing well-being.
- Personal strengths (wisdom, courage, justice, etc.) promote growth and prevent psychological issues.
- Optimism correlates with better health outcomes and effective coping strategies.
- Eudaimonic well-being focuses on purpose and meaning beyond hedonistic pleasure.
Factors Influencing Happiness
- Global positivity: more happy people than unhappy, although stressors impact happiness levels.
- American satisfaction: 83% report above-average happiness scores.
- Money's limited role: while wealthier nations report higher happiness, income above $100,000 has diminishing returns on happiness.
Essential Components of Well-Being
- Well-being is a theoretical construct comprising interconnected elements.
- PERMA model:
- P: Positive emotions
- E: Engagement
- R: Relationships
- M: Meaning
- A: Achievement
- Positive relationships are crucial for overall happiness.
Enhancing Happiness
- Happiness is shaped by genetics, life experiences, and individual choices, signifying opportunities for personal growth.
- Pleasure is linked to various brain areas, termed "hedonic hotspots," indicating complexity in its neural basis.
Dopamine
- Known as the "motivation" neurotransmitter; involved in pleasure but crucial for motivation.
- Functions include regulating movement, emotion, memory, and body systems.
- Low dopamine levels lead to lack of motivation and poor coordination; excess leads to aggression and addiction.
- Dopamine enhances motivation by reinforcing behaviors associated with rewards and generating anticipation for rewarding experiences.
- Research shows ADHD medications can enhance motivation by emphasizing task rewards.
Dopamine Detox Misconceptions
- Incorrect to claim that dopamine can be “detoxed”; it remains in the system, and its presence influences behavior.
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Description
Explore the key concepts and characteristics of humanistic psychology in this quiz. Understand how it diverges from behaviorist and Freudian perspectives, emphasizing healthy human potential and self-actualization. Test your knowledge of this influential psychological approach.
