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Questions and Answers
What is the primary concern of the 'security' value dimension?
Which value dimension is related to personal success and demonstrating competence according to social standards?
What occurs when two different groups have different values or value priorities, leading them to dislike elements of a product, system, or service that other stakeholders do like?
Which of the following moral foundations is related to our long evolution as a caring species?
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What is the primary focus of the 'self-direction' value dimension?
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Which value dimension is concerned with excitement, novelty, and challenge in life?
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What is the primary function of human values?
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What is the motivational continuum related to?
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What is the name of the psychological theory that seeks to explain why moralities differ, but still share fundamental characteristics?
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What is the primary characteristic of conservation values?
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What is the primary focus of self-transcendence values?
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What is the relationship between values and actions?
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How many moral foundations are proposed in the Theory of Moral Foundations?
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What is the relationship between benevolence and universalism?
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What is the primary difference between personal and social focus?
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What is the role of humility in human values?
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Study Notes
Human Values
- Are beliefs that are learned and refer to desirable goals (ideals)
- Are abstract and transcend specific actions and situations
- Serve as standards or criteria to guide the selection or evaluation of actions, policies, people, and events
- Are ordered by importance, forming a value system
- The relative importance of multiple values guides action and trade-offs
The Motivational Continuum
- Consists of 4 higher-order values: Self-Transcendence, Conservation, Openness to Chance, and Self-Enhancement
- Values can be categorized as having a Personal or Social focus
- Values can also be categorized as Growing (expressing anxiety-free values) or Protecting (coping with anxiety due to uncertainty and complexity)
Self-Transcendence Values
- Care for others' well-being over self-interests
- Benevolence: caring, dependability (responsibility), and preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent personal contact
- Universalism: tolerance, concern, nature, understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and of nature
- Humility: recognizing one's insignificance in the larger scheme of things
Conservation Values
- Humility: recognizing one's insignificance in the larger scheme of things
- Conformity: interpersonal, rules, restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses that are likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms
- Tradition: respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provides
- Security: personal, societal, safety, harmony, and stability of society relationships and self
Self-Enhancement Values
- Face: security and power through maintaining one's public image and avoiding humiliation
- Power: dominance, resources, control or dominance over people and resources
- Achievement: personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards
- Hedonism: pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself
Openness to Change Values
- Self-Direction: thought, actions, independent thought and action, choosing, creating, and exploring
- Stimulation: excitement, novelty, and challenge in life
- Hedonism: pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself
Value Tension
- Arises when two different groups have different values or value priorities
- Can occur within one individual, between two individuals or groups with different value systems, or between two individuals or groups with a similar value system
Moral Values
- Are a system of beliefs that emerges out of core values
- Are specific and context-driven rules that govern a person's desire to be good (defining what is good and what is wrong)
- Can be shared by a larger population, but a person's moral code may differ from others' depending on their personal values
- The Theory of Moral Foundations (Haidt) explains why moralities differ, but still share fundamental characteristics
- The Theory of (5+1) Moral Foundations consists of:
- Care/Harm
- Fairness/Cheating
- Loyalty/Betrayal
- Authority/Subversion
- Sanctity/Degradation
- Liberty/Oppression
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Description
Learn about human values, their characteristics, and the motivational continuum, including self-transcendence and conservation.
