Human Values and Motivational Continuum

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern of the 'security' value dimension?

Pleasure and sensuous gratification

Personal success and achievement

Safety, harmony, and stability in society (correct)

Independent thought and action

Which value dimension is related to personal success and demonstrating competence according to social standards?

Self-enhancement

Achievement (correct)

Hedonism

Openness to change

What occurs when two different groups have different values or value priorities, leading them to dislike elements of a product, system, or service that other stakeholders do like?

Moral dilemma

Value alignment

Ethical conflict

Value tension (correct)

Which of the following moral foundations is related to our long evolution as a caring species?

Care/ harm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'self-direction' value dimension?

Independent thought and action Signup and view all the answers

Which value dimension is concerned with excitement, novelty, and challenge in life?

Stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of human values?

To guide the selection or evaluation of actions, policies, people and events Signup and view all the answers

What is the motivational continuum related to?

The balance between growing and protecting oneself Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the psychological theory that seeks to explain why moralities differ, but still share fundamental characteristics?

Theory of Moral Foundations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of conservation values?

Respecting and preserving traditional cultural practices Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of self-transcendence values?

Caring for the well-being of others Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between values and actions?

Values are separate from actions and situations Signup and view all the answers

How many moral foundations are proposed in the Theory of Moral Foundations?

5+1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between benevolence and universalism?

Benevolence is a subset of universalism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between personal and social focus?

Personal focus is on self-interest, while social focus is on the well-being of others Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of humility in human values?

It recognizes one's insignificance in the larger scheme of things Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Values

Are beliefs that are learned and refer to desirable goals (ideals)
Are abstract and transcend specific actions and situations
Serve as standards or criteria to guide the selection or evaluation of actions, policies, people, and events
Are ordered by importance, forming a value system
The relative importance of multiple values guides action and trade-offs

The Motivational Continuum

Consists of 4 higher-order values: Self-Transcendence, Conservation, Openness to Chance, and Self-Enhancement
Values can be categorized as having a Personal or Social focus
Values can also be categorized as Growing (expressing anxiety-free values) or Protecting (coping with anxiety due to uncertainty and complexity)

Self-Transcendence Values

Care for others' well-being over self-interests
Benevolence: caring, dependability (responsibility), and preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent personal contact
Universalism: tolerance, concern, nature, understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and of nature
Humility: recognizing one's insignificance in the larger scheme of things

Conservation Values

Humility: recognizing one's insignificance in the larger scheme of things
Conformity: interpersonal, rules, restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses that are likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms
Tradition: respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provides
Security: personal, societal, safety, harmony, and stability of society relationships and self

Self-Enhancement Values

Face: security and power through maintaining one's public image and avoiding humiliation
Power: dominance, resources, control or dominance over people and resources
Achievement: personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards
Hedonism: pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself

Openness to Change Values

Self-Direction: thought, actions, independent thought and action, choosing, creating, and exploring
Stimulation: excitement, novelty, and challenge in life
Hedonism: pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself

Value Tension

Arises when two different groups have different values or value priorities
Can occur within one individual, between two individuals or groups with different value systems, or between two individuals or groups with a similar value system

Moral Values

Are a system of beliefs that emerges out of core values
Are specific and context-driven rules that govern a person's desire to be good (defining what is good and what is wrong)
Can be shared by a larger population, but a person's moral code may differ from others' depending on their personal values
The Theory of Moral Foundations (Haidt) explains why moralities differ, but still share fundamental characteristics
The Theory of (5+1) Moral Foundations consists of:
- Care/Harm
- Fairness/Cheating
- Loyalty/Betrayal
- Authority/Subversion
- Sanctity/Degradation
- Liberty/Oppression