Human Tissue Types Quiz

Biology II, Session 1: Animal and Human Part

• Course content includes animal organization, homeostasis (circulation, lymph transport, immunity, digestion, nutrition, respiration, body excretion, nervous system, and reproduction).
• Course content for plants includes general structure, ecological anatomy, photosynthesis, and respiration.
• The presentation is by Dr. Noura Abou Zeinab.
• Contact information (email) is provided.

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

• Tissues are categorized into epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous types.
• Organs and organ systems are formed from these tissues, working in coordination.
• Homeostasis is the process that maintains a stable internal environment.
• Feedback mechanisms (negative and positive) regulate this process for internal consistency in the living organism.
• The cell is the basic unit of life in multicellular organisms.
• Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems in biological organisms.

Organization of Vertebrate Bodies

• The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
• Multicellular organisms involve the association of cells to form tissues, and the combination of tissues eventually forms organs and systems in the body.
• Differentiated cells are specialised cells that perform specific functions.
• Tissues are groups of similar cells working together.
• Organs are formed of multiple tissues working in concert for a specific function.
• Systems are the different functional units of the body that work together, typically in groups of multiple organs.

Hierarchy of Structures

• Tissues are composed of similar cells performing specific functions.
• Organs perform complex functions involving multiple interacting tissues.
• Organ systems consist of two or more interacting organs working together in coordination.

Tissues and Tissue Types

• Tissues are collections of specialized cells.
• Histology refers to the study of tissues.
• There are four main categories of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.

Types of Tissues

• Epithelial tissues cover surfaces, line cavities, and form glands.
• Connective tissues bind and support body parts.
• Muscular tissues move the body.
• Nervous tissues receive stimuli and transmit nervous impulses.

Human Body Tissues

• Epithelial tissues are avascular, form a protective barrier, and regulate permeability.
• Epithelial tissues have polarity and functions in protection, permeability control, sensation, secretion, absorption, and reproduction.
• Four main categories exist: simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified, transitional.
• Glands are secretory epithelial tissues that secrete substances.

Epithelial Tissues

• Epithelial tissue is made up of sheets of cells firmly attached to each other with desmosomes and tight junctions.
• Attached to a basement membrane for support, strength, and flexibility
• Cells are continuously lost and replaced in the body.
• Cells are packed, tightly joined, and organized with three different types of connections (tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions).

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues

• Cells are packed tightly and joined, with characteristics such as minimum intercellular substance, nonvascular, and ability to regenerate. (single or multiple layers).

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

• Number of cell layers and shape of apical surface cells are used to classify epithelia (simple vs. stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and pseudostratified).

Types of Epithelium

• Simple epithelia include one layer which is often located in areas with high rates of diffusion or filtration (lung alveoli).
• Stratified epithelia have multiple layers which is often found in areas subjected to abrasion and stress (skin).

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue in Vertebrates

• Cells have minimum intercellular substance, are nonvascular and/or possess the ability regenerate.
• Epithelial cells rest on a basement membrane.
• Occur in single or multiple layers
• Simple epithelia are used in diffusion and filtration while stratified is used in areas subjected to high abrasion

Connective Tissues

• Connective tissues are comprised of cells and a matrix (extracellular material).
• Fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers together form connective tissues.
• Three types of connective tissues exist: loose, dense, and specialized.
• Loose connective tissue is abundant, flexible, and supports organs.
• Dense connective tissue provides strength and flexibility in tendons and ligaments.

Specialized Connective Tissues

• Diverse functions in the body based on different structures and composition.
• Includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, lymph, and blood.
• Cartilage provides flexible support.
• Bone provides rigid support.
• Adipose tissue provides insulation and stores fat.
• Blood transports nutrients and oxygen, removes waste.
• Lymph returns excess tissue fluid and maintains fluid balance in the body.

Muscular Tissues

• Muscular tissues have the ability to contract producing movement throughout the body
• Three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

Skeletal Muscle

• Voluntary movements, striated appearance, and multinucleated.

Smooth Muscle

• Involuntary actions, no striations, and found in body’s internal organs

Cardiac Muscle

• Involuntary movements, striated, and consists of cells bound by intercalated discs (allowing for coordinated contraction).

Nervous Tissue

• Specialized for producing and conducting electrical signals (impulses).
• Neurons transmit information, and neuroglia support and protect neurons.