Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
- Contraction to produce movement (correct)
- Protection of organs
- Storing energy
- Transporting nutrients
Connective tissue and epithelial tissue are two of the four major types of tissues in the human body.
Connective tissue and epithelial tissue are two of the four major types of tissues in the human body.
True (A)
What are the three types of specialized contractile cells in muscle tissue?
What are the three types of specialized contractile cells in muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Blood tissue has a __________ matrix.
Blood tissue has a __________ matrix.
Match the following types of tissues with their descriptions:
Match the following types of tissues with their descriptions:
Which type of muscle tissue is described as striated on microscopic examination?
Which type of muscle tissue is described as striated on microscopic examination?
The matrix of tissues is always living.
The matrix of tissues is always living.
How do the four major types of tissues interact in the body?
How do the four major types of tissues interact in the body?
What percentage of an adult male's body weight is made up of water?
What percentage of an adult male's body weight is made up of water?
The intra-cellular fluid accounts for approximately one-third of the body’s water content.
The intra-cellular fluid accounts for approximately one-third of the body’s water content.
What mechanism maintains the stability of the internal environment in the body?
What mechanism maintains the stability of the internal environment in the body?
Water in the body can be divided into intra-cellular and __________ compartments.
Water in the body can be divided into intra-cellular and __________ compartments.
Match the following components of body fluids with their descriptions:
Match the following components of body fluids with their descriptions:
Which organ system is primarily responsible for transporting nutrients, cells, and waste throughout the body?
Which organ system is primarily responsible for transporting nutrients, cells, and waste throughout the body?
Positive feedback mechanisms are responsible for stabilizing the internal environment.
Positive feedback mechanisms are responsible for stabilizing the internal environment.
What is the role of the extra-cellular fluid in the body?
What is the role of the extra-cellular fluid in the body?
Which of the following factors are considered physical factors necessary for homeostasis?
Which of the following factors are considered physical factors necessary for homeostasis?
The control center of homeostasis is found in the muscle tissues.
The control center of homeostasis is found in the muscle tissues.
What is the role of effectors in the homeostatic system?
What is the role of effectors in the homeostatic system?
The optimal temperature for human body homeostasis is approximately _____ degrees Celsius.
The optimal temperature for human body homeostasis is approximately _____ degrees Celsius.
Match the components of a homeostatic system to their functions:
Match the components of a homeostatic system to their functions:
What is the primary mechanism through which the body responds to changes in homeostasis?
What is the primary mechanism through which the body responds to changes in homeostasis?
Thermoregulation involves only the brain's control center.
Thermoregulation involves only the brain's control center.
Name two chemical factors that are important for homeostasis.
Name two chemical factors that are important for homeostasis.
Which function of the skeletal system involves the production of blood cells?
Which function of the skeletal system involves the production of blood cells?
Cartilage provides rigid support to bones.
Cartilage provides rigid support to bones.
Name one type of cell produced by the red bone marrow.
Name one type of cell produced by the red bone marrow.
Bones store _______ in their matrix.
Bones store _______ in their matrix.
Match the following types of bones with their functions:
Match the following types of bones with their functions:
What type of bone acts as a cushion between other bones?
What type of bone acts as a cushion between other bones?
The skeletal system has no role in attachment for muscles.
The skeletal system has no role in attachment for muscles.
What is the primary composition of the bone matrix?
What is the primary composition of the bone matrix?
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone remodeling?
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone remodeling?
Osteoporosis occurs when bone formation is faster than bone resorption.
Osteoporosis occurs when bone formation is faster than bone resorption.
Which demographic groups are most commonly affected by osteoporosis?
Which demographic groups are most commonly affected by osteoporosis?
Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the health of ______.
Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the health of ______.
Match the following bone cells with their functions:
Match the following bone cells with their functions:
What contributes to bone remodeling?
What contributes to bone remodeling?
What is the role of acetylcholine in muscle contraction?
What is the role of acetylcholine in muscle contraction?
A continuous balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activities is essential for maintaining normal bone structure.
A continuous balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activities is essential for maintaining normal bone structure.
What hormonal changes affect the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
What hormonal changes affect the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin to expose myosin-binding sites on actin.
Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin to expose myosin-binding sites on actin.
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?
Myosin heads on thick filaments pull the __________ filament toward the center of the sarcomere during contraction.
Myosin heads on thick filaments pull the __________ filament toward the center of the sarcomere during contraction.
Match the following steps with their corresponding events in muscle contraction:
Match the following steps with their corresponding events in muscle contraction:
What effect does the neurotoxin from Clostridium tetani have on muscle function?
What effect does the neurotoxin from Clostridium tetani have on muscle function?
Tetanus can be effectively prevented through proper vaccination.
Tetanus can be effectively prevented through proper vaccination.
What happens to myosin when it binds with ATP?
What happens to myosin when it binds with ATP?
Which type of neuron carries signals from the body to the central nervous system?
Which type of neuron carries signals from the body to the central nervous system?
Interneurons are responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the muscles.
Interneurons are responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the muscles.
What is the primary role of neuroglia in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of neuroglia in the nervous system?
Motor neurons also known as __________ carry impulses away from the spinal cord to muscles and glands.
Motor neurons also known as __________ carry impulses away from the spinal cord to muscles and glands.
Match each type of neuron with its function:
Match each type of neuron with its function:
What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?
What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?
White matter in the spinal cord consists of gray matter and facilitates communication between the brain and spinal cord.
White matter in the spinal cord consists of gray matter and facilitates communication between the brain and spinal cord.
What type of reflex is demonstrated by the knee jerk reflex?
What type of reflex is demonstrated by the knee jerk reflex?
The brain's _______ helps in regulating sleep and wake cycles.
The brain's _______ helps in regulating sleep and wake cycles.
Match the following components of the spinal cord with their functions:
Match the following components of the spinal cord with their functions:
Which part of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for motor functions?
Which part of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for motor functions?
Convolutions in the cerebrum help in increasing the surface area for neural connections.
Convolutions in the cerebrum help in increasing the surface area for neural connections.
What is the role of the basal ganglia in the brain?
What is the role of the basal ganglia in the brain?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?
The posterior pituitary gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream without the involvement of the hypothalamus.
The posterior pituitary gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream without the involvement of the hypothalamus.
What is the main function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
What is the main function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the __________.
The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the __________.
Match the following anterior pituitary hormones with their actions:
Match the following anterior pituitary hormones with their actions:
Which type of brainwave is associated with deep sleep?
Which type of brainwave is associated with deep sleep?
Alpha waves are associated with excitement and high stress levels.
Alpha waves are associated with excitement and high stress levels.
What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson's disease?
What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson's disease?
The waveforms in the EEG are generated by impulses near the communication between neurons and __________.
The waveforms in the EEG are generated by impulses near the communication between neurons and __________.
Match the following brainwave types with their associated states:
Match the following brainwave types with their associated states:
What is one of the uses of an electroencephalograph (EEG)?
What is one of the uses of an electroencephalograph (EEG)?
Theta waves are most commonly observed in adults undergoing normal sleep.
Theta waves are most commonly observed in adults undergoing normal sleep.
What symptoms are commonly associated with Parkinson's disease?
What symptoms are commonly associated with Parkinson's disease?
What is primarily responsible for the enlargement of the thyroid gland in cases of iodine deficiency?
What is primarily responsible for the enlargement of the thyroid gland in cases of iodine deficiency?
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) have the same effect on blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) have the same effect on blood calcium levels.
What is the primary goal of the sympathetic division of the nervous system?
What is the primary goal of the sympathetic division of the nervous system?
What hormone is released from the parathyroid glands and increases blood calcium levels?
What hormone is released from the parathyroid glands and increases blood calcium levels?
The parasympathetic system is primarily active during stressful situations.
The parasympathetic system is primarily active during stressful situations.
Iodine is required for the production of ___________ hormone.
Iodine is required for the production of ___________ hormone.
Match the following hormones with their effects on blood calcium levels:
Match the following hormones with their effects on blood calcium levels:
What physiological responses occur when the sympathetic system is activated?
What physiological responses occur when the sympathetic system is activated?
An _______ is used to measure the electrical activity of the brain.
An _______ is used to measure the electrical activity of the brain.
Match the following functions to the appropriate division of the nervous system:
Match the following functions to the appropriate division of the nervous system:
Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic system?
An EEG can be used to monitor brain activity during general anesthesia.
An EEG can be used to monitor brain activity during general anesthesia.
List two situations in which an EEG would be used.
List two situations in which an EEG would be used.
What is the primary function of sensory neurons?
What is the primary function of sensory neurons?
Motor neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the spinal cord and brain to the muscles and glands.
Motor neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the spinal cord and brain to the muscles and glands.
What are neuroglia and what role do they play in the nervous system?
What are neuroglia and what role do they play in the nervous system?
Interneurons connect various neurons within the __________ and spinal cord.
Interneurons connect various neurons within the __________ and spinal cord.
Match the types of neurons with their descriptions:
Match the types of neurons with their descriptions:
What is the function of the Node of Ranvier?
What is the function of the Node of Ranvier?
Schwann cells are found in the central nervous system.
Schwann cells are found in the central nervous system.
What are the main functions of Schwann cells?
What are the main functions of Schwann cells?
Most sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system are classified as __________ neurons.
Most sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system are classified as __________ neurons.
Match the types of neurons to their characteristics:
Match the types of neurons to their characteristics:
Which type of neuron has a single axon and a single dendrite?
Which type of neuron has a single axon and a single dendrite?
All neurons have more than one axon.
All neurons have more than one axon.
What role do axon terminals play in neuron communication?
What role do axon terminals play in neuron communication?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for voluntary muscle control.
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for voluntary muscle control.
What is the role of a neurotransmitter?
What is the role of a neurotransmitter?
The __________ potential indicates the resting state of a nerve cell.
The __________ potential indicates the resting state of a nerve cell.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which of the following best describes a neuromodulator?
Which of the following best describes a neuromodulator?
Name two functions of the central nervous system.
Name two functions of the central nervous system.
Neurotransmitters are only released at the synapse.
Neurotransmitters are only released at the synapse.
What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron at rest?
What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron at rest?
Depolarization occurs when Na+ channels close and K+ ions flood into the neuron.
Depolarization occurs when Na+ channels close and K+ ions flood into the neuron.
What happens during repolarization of a neuron?
What happens during repolarization of a neuron?
The process of restoring the resting potential of a neuron is called __________.
The process of restoring the resting potential of a neuron is called __________.
Match the stages of the action potential process with their descriptions:
Match the stages of the action potential process with their descriptions:
Which ion primarily causes the neuron membrane to depolarize?
Which ion primarily causes the neuron membrane to depolarize?
Hyperpolarization occurs when too many K+ ions flow back into the cell.
Hyperpolarization occurs when too many K+ ions flow back into the cell.
What mechanism helps restore the membrane potential after an action potential?
What mechanism helps restore the membrane potential after an action potential?
What is hyperpolarization in a neuron?
What is hyperpolarization in a neuron?
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately 70 mV more positive inside than outside.
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately 70 mV more positive inside than outside.
What triggers an action potential in a neuron?
What triggers an action potential in a neuron?
The sequence of events that occurs when a neuron sends a signal is called the __________.
The sequence of events that occurs when a neuron sends a signal is called the __________.
Which of the following correctly describes the all-or-nothing rule in neurons?
Which of the following correctly describes the all-or-nothing rule in neurons?
Match neurotransmitters with their functions:
Match neurotransmitters with their functions:
At rest, there are relatively more __________ ions outside the neuron and more __________ ions inside.
At rest, there are relatively more __________ ions outside the neuron and more __________ ions inside.
A synapse is where two neurons meet to communicate with each other.
A synapse is where two neurons meet to communicate with each other.
What is the primary cause of goiter?
What is the primary cause of goiter?
Calcitonin raises calcium levels in the blood.
Calcitonin raises calcium levels in the blood.
What hormone increases the levels of calcium in the blood?
What hormone increases the levels of calcium in the blood?
The thyroid gland releases hormones required for producing __________.
The thyroid gland releases hormones required for producing __________.
Match the following glands with their functions:
Match the following glands with their functions:
Flashcards
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
The mechanism that keeps the body's internal environment stable and nearly constant, allowing cellular functions to work efficiently.
Total Body Water
Total Body Water
Water accounts for 60% of an adult male's and 50% of a females' body weight.
Intracellular Fluid
Intracellular Fluid
The fluid inside cells, making up about two-thirds of total body water.
Extracellular Fluid
Extracellular Fluid
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Interstitial Fluid
Interstitial Fluid
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Major Organ Systems
Major Organ Systems
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Integumentary System
Integumentary System
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Skeletal System
Skeletal System
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Tissues
Tissues
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Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
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Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
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Smooth Muscle
Smooth Muscle
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Striated Muscle
Striated Muscle
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Four major tissue types
Four major tissue types
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Blood tissue
Blood tissue
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Set Point
Set Point
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Detector/Receptor
Detector/Receptor
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Control Center
Control Center
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Effector
Effector
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Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
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Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation
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Components of a Homeostatic System
Components of a Homeostatic System
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Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis
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Bone Functions
Bone Functions
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Bone Mineral Storage
Bone Mineral Storage
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Cartilage Function
Cartilage Function
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Tendons
Tendons
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Ligaments
Ligaments
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Long Bones
Long Bones
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Types of Bones
Types of Bones
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Osteocyte
Osteocyte
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Osteoclast
Osteoclast
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Bone Remodeling
Bone Remodeling
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
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Who's at risk for osteoporosis?
Who's at risk for osteoporosis?
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How does osteoporosis occur?
How does osteoporosis occur?
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What's the role of mechanical stress in bone remodeling?
What's the role of mechanical stress in bone remodeling?
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How does calcium regulation affect bone remodeling?
How does calcium regulation affect bone remodeling?
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What is the role of Acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?
What is the role of Acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?
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What is the role of the T-tubules in muscle contraction?
What is the role of the T-tubules in muscle contraction?
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What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?
What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?
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How does calcium activate muscle contraction?
How does calcium activate muscle contraction?
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Power Stroke
Power Stroke
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How does ATP facilitate muscle relaxation?
How does ATP facilitate muscle relaxation?
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What happens during tetanus infection?
What happens during tetanus infection?
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How does tetanus affect muscular function?
How does tetanus affect muscular function?
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Sensory Neuron
Sensory Neuron
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Motor Neuron
Motor Neuron
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Interneuron
Interneuron
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What is the function of Neuroglia?
What is the function of Neuroglia?
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Why are glial cells important?
Why are glial cells important?
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Pain Relief Mechanism
Pain Relief Mechanism
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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EEG Applications
EEG Applications
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EEG for Consciousness
EEG for Consciousness
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EEG for Sleep Disorders
EEG for Sleep Disorders
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EEG under Anesthesia
EEG under Anesthesia
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Cerebrum
Cerebrum
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Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
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Sulci and Fissures
Sulci and Fissures
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Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia
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Gray Matter in Spinal Cord
Gray Matter in Spinal Cord
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White Matter in Spinal Cord
White Matter in Spinal Cord
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Dorsal Root Nerves
Dorsal Root Nerves
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Ventral Root Nerves
Ventral Root Nerves
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EEG
EEG
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Brainwaves
Brainwaves
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Alpha Waves
Alpha Waves
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Beta Waves
Beta Waves
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Theta Waves
Theta Waves
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Delta Waves
Delta Waves
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Dopamine
Dopamine
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Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's Disease
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism
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Goiter
Goiter
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Calcitonin's effect on calcium
Calcitonin's effect on calcium
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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Calcitonin and PTH's Relationship
Calcitonin and PTH's Relationship
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Anterior Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland
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How is the Anterior Pituitary Regulated?
How is the Anterior Pituitary Regulated?
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Posterior Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary Gland
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What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?
What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?
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What's the difference between anterior and posterior pituitary glands?
What's the difference between anterior and posterior pituitary glands?
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What are Neuroglia?
What are Neuroglia?
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Node of Ranvier
Node of Ranvier
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Schwann Cell
Schwann Cell
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Axon Terminal
Axon Terminal
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Anaxonic Neuron
Anaxonic Neuron
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Bipolar Neuron
Bipolar Neuron
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Unipolar Neuron
Unipolar Neuron
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Multipolar Neuron
Multipolar Neuron
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Types of Neurons by Structure
Types of Neurons by Structure
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
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Neuromodulator
Neuromodulator
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Synapse
Synapse
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Resting Potential
Resting Potential
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Action Potential
Action Potential
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Depolarization
Depolarization
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Repolarization
Repolarization
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What is the role of the Central Nervous System?
What is the role of the Central Nervous System?
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Hyperpolarization
Hyperpolarization
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
Sodium-Potassium Pump
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What do graded potentials do?
What do graded potentials do?
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What makes action potentials different from graded potentials?
What makes action potentials different from graded potentials?
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Thyroid Hormone Production
Thyroid Hormone Production
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Goiter: Enlarged Thyroid
Goiter: Enlarged Thyroid
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Calcitonin's Role
Calcitonin's Role
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Calcitonin and PTH: Opposite Effects
Calcitonin and PTH: Opposite Effects
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Resting membrane potential
Resting membrane potential
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Threshold level
Threshold level
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All-or-none rule
All-or-none rule
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Study Notes
Human Physiology Lecture Notes
- Human physiology studies organ systems, their functions, and health maintenance.
- Biological function is the study of how basic organ systems work.
- Function is determined by structure.
Tissues
- Cells with similar functions are classified into tissues.
- Tissues are formed by similar cells bounded by a non-living matrix.
- The matrix composition varies between tissues (e.g., liquid, semi-solid, or solid).
- Examples: Blood (liquid matrix), bone (solid matrix).
- Four major tissue types in the human body: muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective.
Muscle Tissue
- Specialized for contraction and movement.
- Muscle contraction requires sufficient blood supply for oxygen, calcium, nutrients, and waste removal.
- Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
Skeletal Muscle
- Forms muscles that move bones.
- Striated (striped) under a microscope.
- Voluntary muscle—consciously controlled.
- Can also contract via reflexes.
- Arranged in bundles.
- Contracted by motor nerve impulses originating in the brain/spinal cord.
Cardiac Muscle
- Found only in the heart wall.
- Responsible for heart beat.
- Involuntary muscle—not under conscious control.
- Striated under a microscope.
- Interconnected cells (myocardial cells)
- Contract as a unit.
Smooth Muscle
- Non-striated.
- Involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow organs (e.g., stomach, blood vessels, reproductive systems).
- Responsible for constricting cavities to move fluids/food.
- Spindle-shaped cells with a single central nucleus.
- Slower, sustained contraction than skeletal muscle.
Nervous Tissue
- Groups of cells in the nervous system.
- Two categories:
- Excitable cells (neurons): initiate, receive, conduct, and transmit information. Conduct nerve impulses.
- Non-excitable cells (glial cells): support neurons.
Epithelial Tissue
- Forms membranes covering and lining body surfaces and glands.
- Two types:
- Covering and lining epithelium
- Found on all surfaces (skin), covering organs, lining blood vessels, and heart
- Glandular epithelium
- Includes sweat glands, salivary glands, linings of the respiratory/intestinal tracts, and mammary glands.
- Covering and lining epithelium
Types of Simple Epithelium
- Simple squamous epithelium consists of single flattened cells; lines the lungs, heart, blood/lymph vessels; allows for diffusion and filtration.
- Simple cuboidal epithelium contains cube-shaped cells, lines kidney tubules, and salivary ducts; functions in secretion or absorption.
- Simple columnar epithelium consists of column-shaped cells; lines the stomach, intestines, and urethras; also found in gallbladder and gland ducts; secretes mucous or absorbs mucous depending on location.
- Simple ciliated columnar epithelium consists of column-shaped cells with cilia; lines the bronchi, uterine tubes; moves mucus, foreign matter, and particles.
Stratified Epithelial Tissue
- Stratified squamous lines/covers skin/mouth; stratified cuboidal in some glands.
- Glands (exocrine and endocrine) are derived from epithelial membranes.
- Exocrine glands secrete through ducts onto surfaces (e.g. tears, sweat, digestive tract).
- Endocrine glands secrete into capillaries (e.g., hormones from the pituitary).
Connective Tissue
- Found everywhere in the body.
- Supports and connects tissues/organs.
- Eight types: areolar (loose connective), cartilage, bone, blood, adipose, lymphoid, yellow elastic, and white fibrous.
- Connective tissue proper (fibrous) binds tissues, supporting epithelia, and surrounding blood vessels/nerves.
- Specialized connective tissues include cartilage (solid), bone (mineralized/hardened), blood (fluid), and adipose tissue (fat storage).
Major Organ Systems in the Human Body
- Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Digestive, Lymphatic/Immune, Circulatory, Respiratory, and Urinary.
Homeostasis Principles
- Internal environment constant/stable for optimal cellular metabolic function.
- Internal environment (composition) tightly controlled (physical/chemical factors regulated).
- Achieved through muscles and glands regulated by sensory information from the internal environment.
- Essential for life.
Homeostatic Factors: Principles
-
Set point (internal environment optimal level)
-
Detector (sensitive to changes; internal/external)
-
Control center (analyzes/processes sensor input);
-
Effector (response; counteract change until set point achieved)
-
Mechanisms control physical/chemical factors (e.g. temperature, pH, oxygen, nutrients).
Body Fluids
- Water constitutes 60%(Males), 50%(Females) of body weight.
- Two fluid compartments: intracellular (fluid inside cells--accounts for 2/3 body water) and extracellular (fluid outside cells; divided further into interstitial, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid).
- Intracellular fluid: fluid within cells, two thirds of total body water; contains high levels of potassium, phosphate, and proteins.
- Extracellular fluid: fluid outside cells—interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid and milk; provides and maintains a stable internal environment; supports transportation of substances throughout the body; transfers nutrients and wastes.
Maintaining Constant Body Temperature (Thermoregulation)
- Receptors monitor internal/external conditions (skin, brain, internal organs).
- Control center: analyzes data, sends signals.
- Effectors mediate response (blood vessels divert blood to skin, sweat glands; muscles generate heat via shivering).
Homeostatic Mechanisms (Negative Feedback)
- Body reverses changes (e.g., rise in body temp.) via sweating/blood vessel dilation to reduce heat loss.
- Maintaining homeostasis restores the body to a normal set-point
Homeostatic Mechanisms (Positive Feedback)
- Body increases changes (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth).
- A change in the body that increases the magnitude of the change; less frequent than negative feedback.
Signal Transmission
- Nervous/endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
- Nervous system: rapid response via electrical impulses.
- Endocrine system: long-term adjustments via chemical messengers (hormones).
Summary of Homeostasis
- Ability to maintain optimum internal conditions reduces dependence on external environment; internal environment primarily controlled by body fluids; maintained via positive & negative feedback mechanisms.
Bone Structure and Function overview
- Bone is composed of compact & spongy bone.
- Supports soft tissues; maintains body shape.
- Protects internal organs (brain, heart, lungs).
- Site of skeletal muscle attachment.
- Stores calcium and phosphorus.
- Forms blood cells in the marrow.
Bone Types overview
- Long bones (levers), short bones (support), flat bones (muscle attachment/organ protection), irregular bones (internal organ protection), sesamoid bones (tendon support).
Long Bone Structure overview
- Diaphysis: shaft; contains yellow marrow
- Epiphysis: end; contains red marrow.
- Articular cartilage covers part of epiphysis.
- Periosteum covers bone surface (protects, nourishes bone tissue).
Short Bone Function overview
- Provide stability/support; limited motion, including carpals of wrists and tarsals of ankles.
Flat Bone Function overview
- Attachment point for muscles; protection of internal organs, particularly in the cranium, sternum, scapulae.
Irregular Bone Function overview
- Complex shape; protect internal organs; examples include vertebrae & facial bones.
Sesamoid Bone Function overview
- Located in tendons; protect tendons from compressive forces (e.g., patella).
Bone Marrow Function overview
- Yellow marrow stores fat; red marrow forms blood cells.
Bone Remodeling overview
- Continuous process involving osteoblasts (bone formation); osteoclasts (bone resorption).
- Occurs due to mechanical stress (e.g., exercise).
- Maintains homeostasis of calcium ion concentration, which is critical.
Osteoporosis: Clinical Connection
- Condition characterized by bone resorption faster than formation.
- Bones become weak; prone to fractures.
- Elderly and postmenopausal women at increased risk.
- Prevention includes dietary calcium, Vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercise to stimulate osteoblasts.
Calcitonin
- Hormone produced by thyroid gland.
- Regulates blood calcium/phosphate levels; inhibits osteoclast activity.
- Helps remove calcium from blood & deposit into bone.
Skeletal and Muscle Tissue overview
- Explain general functions.
- Describe the characteristics of the three major types of muscle tissue.
- Explain the structure of skeletal muscle (s.m.)
- myofibrils, and actin/myosin (myofilaments)
- sarcomere, and band structures
- Explain contraction steps.
- Differentiate between Isotonic and Isometric contractions.
- Explain how exercise affects muscles (aerobic/resistance).
- Key clinical applications (e.g., tetanus).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the four major types of tissues in the human body, particularly muscle, connective, and epithelial tissues. This quiz covers their functions, characteristics, and interactions within the body, along with some facts about body composition and fluid compartments.
