Human Tissue Types Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

  • Contraction to produce movement (correct)
  • Protection of organs
  • Storing energy
  • Transporting nutrients

    • Connective tissue and epithelial tissue are two of the four major types of tissues in the human body.

    True

    What are the three types of specialized contractile cells in muscle tissue?

    Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

    Blood tissue has a __________ matrix.

    <p>liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of tissues with their descriptions:

    <p>Muscle tissue = Specialized for contraction Nervous tissue = Transmits impulses for communication Epithelial tissue = Covers body surfaces and lines cavities Connective tissue = Supports and binds other tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue is described as striated on microscopic examination?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The matrix of tissues is always living.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the four major types of tissues interact in the body?

    <p>They interweave to form the fabric of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of an adult male's body weight is made up of water?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intra-cellular fluid accounts for approximately one-third of the body’s water content.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism maintains the stability of the internal environment in the body?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water in the body can be divided into intra-cellular and __________ compartments.

    <p>extra-cellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of body fluids with their descriptions:

    <p>Intra-cellular Fluid = Fluid within cells Extra-cellular Fluid = Fluid outside the cells Interstitial Fluid = Fluid found between cells Plasma = Fluid component of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ system is primarily responsible for transporting nutrients, cells, and waste throughout the body?

    <p>Circulatory System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback mechanisms are responsible for stabilizing the internal environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the extra-cellular fluid in the body?

    <p>Provides a constant environment for cells and transports substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors are considered physical factors necessary for homeostasis?

    <p>Temperature and pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The control center of homeostasis is found in the muscle tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of effectors in the homeostatic system?

    <p>To bring about the appropriate response to restore optimum conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The optimal temperature for human body homeostasis is approximately _____ degrees Celsius.

    <p>36.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of a homeostatic system to their functions:

    <p>Detector = Monitors changes in the environment Control Centre = Analyzes data and sends signals Effector = Carries out the response to restore balance Set Point = The optimal level for a condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which the body responds to changes in homeostasis?

    <p>Negative feedback system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thermoregulation involves only the brain's control center.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two chemical factors that are important for homeostasis.

    <p>Oxygen and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of the skeletal system involves the production of blood cells?

    <p>Blood cell formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilage provides rigid support to bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of cell produced by the red bone marrow.

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bones store _______ in their matrix.

    <p>calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of bones with their functions:

    <p>Long bones = Function as levers Short bones = Provide stability and support Flat bones = Protect internal organs Irregular bones = Complex shapes and functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone acts as a cushion between other bones?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skeletal system has no role in attachment for muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the bone matrix?

    <p>Calcium and phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osteoblasts in bone remodeling?

    <p>Formation of new bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoporosis occurs when bone formation is faster than bone resorption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic groups are most commonly affected by osteoporosis?

    <p>The elderly and postmenopausal women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the health of ______.

    <p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bone cells with their functions:

    <p>Osteoblasts = Formation of new bone Osteoclasts = Resorption and removal of bone Osteocytes = Maintenance of bone health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to bone remodeling?

    <p>Hormonal action and mechanical stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acetylcholine in muscle contraction?

    <p>It binds to receptors in the sarcolemma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A continuous balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activities is essential for maintaining normal bone structure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal changes affect the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

    <p>Menopause-related hormonal changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin to expose myosin-binding sites on actin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?

    <p>It releases calcium ions into the cytoplasm of muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myosin heads on thick filaments pull the __________ filament toward the center of the sarcomere during contraction.

    <p>actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding events in muscle contraction:

    <ol> <li>Acetylcholine release = A. Binds to receptors in the sarcolemma</li> <li>Calcium ion release = B. Exposes myosin-binding sites</li> <li>Myosin-actin binding = C. Generates power stroke</li> <li>ATP hydrolysis = D. Resets myosin head</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the neurotoxin from Clostridium tetani have on muscle function?

    <p>It prevents inhibition of nervous impulse activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetanus can be effectively prevented through proper vaccination.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to myosin when it binds with ATP?

    <p>It dissociates from actin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron carries signals from the body to the central nervous system?

    <p>Sensory neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interneurons are responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neuroglia in the nervous system?

    <p>Support, nourish, and protect neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motor neurons also known as __________ carry impulses away from the spinal cord to muscles and glands.

    <p>efferent neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of neuron with its function:

    <p>Sensory neuron = Carries signals to the CNS Motor neuron = Carries signals away from the CNS Interneuron = Connects neurons within the CNS Neuroglia = Supports and protects neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Sensory perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    White matter in the spinal cord consists of gray matter and facilitates communication between the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex is demonstrated by the knee jerk reflex?

    <p>Patellar reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain's _______ helps in regulating sleep and wake cycles.

    <p>cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the spinal cord with their functions:

    <p>Gray matter = Receives and processes sensory information White matter = Carries information from the brain to the spinal cord Dorsal root nerves = Bring stimuli to the spinal cord Ventral root nerves = Control somatic and visceral effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for motor functions?

    <p>Frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Convolutions in the cerebrum help in increasing the surface area for neural connections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the basal ganglia in the brain?

    <p>Produces automatic movement and postures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The posterior pituitary gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream without the involvement of the hypothalamus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Causes kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the __________.

    <p>adenohypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following anterior pituitary hormones with their actions:

    <p>Growth Hormone = Stimulates growth and metabolism Prolactin = Stimulates milk production FSH = Stimulates production of ova and sperm ACTH = Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brainwave is associated with deep sleep?

    <p>Delta waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alpha waves are associated with excitement and high stress levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The waveforms in the EEG are generated by impulses near the communication between neurons and __________.

    <p>nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brainwave types with their associated states:

    <p>Alpha waves = Wakefulness, relaxed Beta waves = Excitement, concentration Theta waves = Transiently during sleep Delta waves = Deep sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the uses of an electroencephalograph (EEG)?

    <p>To monitor effects of exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Theta waves are most commonly observed in adults undergoing normal sleep.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are commonly associated with Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Tremors, rigidity, unstable posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the enlargement of the thyroid gland in cases of iodine deficiency?

    <p>Increased TSH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) have the same effect on blood calcium levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the sympathetic division of the nervous system?

    <p>To help the body cope with threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released from the parathyroid glands and increases blood calcium levels?

    <p>parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic system is primarily active during stressful situations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iodine is required for the production of ___________ hormone.

    <p>thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their effects on blood calcium levels:

    <p>Calcitonin = Lowers blood calcium levels Parathyroid hormone (PTH) = Raises blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological responses occur when the sympathetic system is activated?

    <p>Increased heart rate, rapid breathing, dilated pupils, and increased blood flow to muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An _______ is used to measure the electrical activity of the brain.

    <p>electroencephalogram (EEG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions to the appropriate division of the nervous system:

    <p>Sympathetic = Increase heart rate and respiration Parasympathetic = Promote digestion and energy conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic system?

    <p>Increases metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An EEG can be used to monitor brain activity during general anesthesia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two situations in which an EEG would be used.

    <p>To diagnose epilepsy and to evaluate cognitive impairment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sensory neurons?

    <p>To carry signals from the outer body parts into the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motor neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the spinal cord and brain to the muscles and glands.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neuroglia and what role do they play in the nervous system?

    <p>Neuroglia are supporting cells in the nervous system that nourish and protect neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interneurons connect various neurons within the __________ and spinal cord.

    <p>brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of neurons with their descriptions:

    <p>Sensory neuron = Carries signals to the central nervous system Motor neuron = Carries signals from the central nervous system Interneuron = Connects neurons within the brain and spinal cord Neuroglia = Supports and protects neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Node of Ranvier?

    <p>To facilitate faster transmission of electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schwann cells are found in the central nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of Schwann cells?

    <p>To form a sheath around peripheral axons and assist in the regeneration of cut or injured axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system are classified as __________ neurons.

    <p>unipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of neurons to their characteristics:

    <p>Anaxonic = No distinction between dendrites and axon; found in the brain Bipolar = Two distinct processes; involved in special senses Multipolar = Most common type in CNS; multiple dendrites Unipolar = Continuous dendrite and axon; cell body to one side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron has a single axon and a single dendrite?

    <p>Bipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All neurons have more than one axon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do axon terminals play in neuron communication?

    <p>They send signals to the dendrites of another neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

    <p>Respiration function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system is responsible for voluntary muscle control.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a neurotransmitter?

    <p>To pass the impulse from one neuron to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ potential indicates the resting state of a nerve cell.

    <p>resting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Action potential = A propagated change in membrane potential Depolarization = Change in potential towards 0 mv Repolarization = Return of membrane potential to resting state Synapse = Site of communication between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a neuromodulator?

    <p>Adjusts the sensitivity of a neuron to neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two functions of the central nervous system.

    <p>Processing information and controlling responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters are only released at the synapse.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron at rest?

    <p>-70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Depolarization occurs when Na+ channels close and K+ ions flood into the neuron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during repolarization of a neuron?

    <p>K+ ions flood out of the cell and Na+ channels close.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of restoring the resting potential of a neuron is called __________.

    <p>repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of the action potential process with their descriptions:

    <p>Depolarization = Na+ channels open, flooding Na+ into the neuron Repolarization = K+ channels open, allowing K+ to exit Hyperpolarization = Membrane potential temporarily exceeds resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion primarily causes the neuron membrane to depolarize?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperpolarization occurs when too many K+ ions flow back into the cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism helps restore the membrane potential after an action potential?

    <p>Na+/K+ ATPase pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperpolarization in a neuron?

    <p>A change that makes the membrane potential more negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately 70 mV more positive inside than outside.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers an action potential in a neuron?

    <p>A stimulus that depolarizes the membrane beyond the threshold level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sequence of events that occurs when a neuron sends a signal is called the __________.

    <p>action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the all-or-nothing rule in neurons?

    <p>If the threshold is reached, action potential fires at a fixed size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match neurotransmitters with their functions:

    <p>Acetylcholine = Muscle contraction Dopamine = Reward and pleasure Serotonin = Mood regulation Norepinephrine = Fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At rest, there are relatively more __________ ions outside the neuron and more __________ ions inside.

    <p>sodium, potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A synapse is where two neurons meet to communicate with each other.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of goiter?

    <p>Iodine deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcitonin raises calcium levels in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone increases the levels of calcium in the blood?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thyroid gland releases hormones required for producing __________.

    <p>thyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glands with their functions:

    <p>Thyroid Gland = Produces calcitonin and thyroid hormones Parathyroid Glands = Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) Pituitary Gland = Regulates TSH secretion Adrenal Gland = Produces cortisol and adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Physiology Lecture Notes

    • Human physiology studies organ systems, their functions, and health maintenance.
    • Biological function is the study of how basic organ systems work.
    • Function is determined by structure.

    Tissues

    • Cells with similar functions are classified into tissues.
    • Tissues are formed by similar cells bounded by a non-living matrix.
    • The matrix composition varies between tissues (e.g., liquid, semi-solid, or solid).
    • Examples: Blood (liquid matrix), bone (solid matrix).
    • Four major tissue types in the human body: muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective.

    Muscle Tissue

    • Specialized for contraction and movement.
    • Muscle contraction requires sufficient blood supply for oxygen, calcium, nutrients, and waste removal.
    • Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

    Skeletal Muscle

    • Forms muscles that move bones.
    • Striated (striped) under a microscope.
    • Voluntary muscle—consciously controlled.
    • Can also contract via reflexes.
    • Arranged in bundles.
    • Contracted by motor nerve impulses originating in the brain/spinal cord.

    Cardiac Muscle

    • Found only in the heart wall.
    • Responsible for heart beat.
    • Involuntary muscle—not under conscious control.
    • Striated under a microscope.
    • Interconnected cells (myocardial cells)
    • Contract as a unit.

    Smooth Muscle

    • Non-striated.
    • Involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow organs (e.g., stomach, blood vessels, reproductive systems).
    • Responsible for constricting cavities to move fluids/food.
    • Spindle-shaped cells with a single central nucleus.
    • Slower, sustained contraction than skeletal muscle.

    Nervous Tissue

    • Groups of cells in the nervous system.
    • Two categories:
      • Excitable cells (neurons): initiate, receive, conduct, and transmit information. Conduct nerve impulses.
      • Non-excitable cells (glial cells): support neurons.

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Forms membranes covering and lining body surfaces and glands.
    • Two types:
      • Covering and lining epithelium
        • Found on all surfaces (skin), covering organs, lining blood vessels, and heart
      • Glandular epithelium
        • Includes sweat glands, salivary glands, linings of the respiratory/intestinal tracts, and mammary glands.

    Types of Simple Epithelium

    • Simple squamous epithelium consists of single flattened cells; lines the lungs, heart, blood/lymph vessels; allows for diffusion and filtration.
    • Simple cuboidal epithelium contains cube-shaped cells, lines kidney tubules, and salivary ducts; functions in secretion or absorption.
    • Simple columnar epithelium consists of column-shaped cells; lines the stomach, intestines, and urethras; also found in gallbladder and gland ducts; secretes mucous or absorbs mucous depending on location.
    • Simple ciliated columnar epithelium consists of column-shaped cells with cilia; lines the bronchi, uterine tubes; moves mucus, foreign matter, and particles.

    Stratified Epithelial Tissue

    • Stratified squamous lines/covers skin/mouth; stratified cuboidal in some glands.
    • Glands (exocrine and endocrine) are derived from epithelial membranes.
    • Exocrine glands secrete through ducts onto surfaces (e.g. tears, sweat, digestive tract).
    • Endocrine glands secrete into capillaries (e.g., hormones from the pituitary).

    Connective Tissue

    • Found everywhere in the body.
    • Supports and connects tissues/organs.
    • Eight types: areolar (loose connective), cartilage, bone, blood, adipose, lymphoid, yellow elastic, and white fibrous.
    • Connective tissue proper (fibrous) binds tissues, supporting epithelia, and surrounding blood vessels/nerves.
    • Specialized connective tissues include cartilage (solid), bone (mineralized/hardened), blood (fluid), and adipose tissue (fat storage).

    Major Organ Systems in the Human Body

    • Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Digestive, Lymphatic/Immune, Circulatory, Respiratory, and Urinary.

    Homeostasis Principles

    • Internal environment constant/stable for optimal cellular metabolic function.
    • Internal environment (composition) tightly controlled (physical/chemical factors regulated).
    • Achieved through muscles and glands regulated by sensory information from the internal environment.
    • Essential for life.

    Homeostatic Factors: Principles

    • Set point (internal environment optimal level)

    • Detector (sensitive to changes; internal/external)

    • Control center (analyzes/processes sensor input);

    • Effector (response; counteract change until set point achieved)

    • Mechanisms control physical/chemical factors (e.g. temperature, pH, oxygen, nutrients).

    Body Fluids

    • Water constitutes 60%(Males), 50%(Females) of body weight.
    • Two fluid compartments: intracellular (fluid inside cells--accounts for 2/3 body water) and extracellular (fluid outside cells; divided further into interstitial, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid).
    • Intracellular fluid: fluid within cells, two thirds of total body water; contains high levels of potassium, phosphate, and proteins.
    • Extracellular fluid: fluid outside cells—interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid and milk; provides and maintains a stable internal environment; supports transportation of substances throughout the body; transfers nutrients and wastes.

    Maintaining Constant Body Temperature (Thermoregulation)

    • Receptors monitor internal/external conditions (skin, brain, internal organs).
    • Control center: analyzes data, sends signals.
    • Effectors mediate response (blood vessels divert blood to skin, sweat glands; muscles generate heat via shivering).

    Homeostatic Mechanisms (Negative Feedback)

    • Body reverses changes (e.g., rise in body temp.) via sweating/blood vessel dilation to reduce heat loss.
    • Maintaining homeostasis restores the body to a normal set-point

    Homeostatic Mechanisms (Positive Feedback)

    • Body increases changes (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth).
    • A change in the body that increases the magnitude of the change; less frequent than negative feedback.

    Signal Transmission

    • Nervous/endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
    • Nervous system: rapid response via electrical impulses.
    • Endocrine system: long-term adjustments via chemical messengers (hormones).

    Summary of Homeostasis

    • Ability to maintain optimum internal conditions reduces dependence on external environment; internal environment primarily controlled by body fluids; maintained via positive & negative feedback mechanisms.

    Bone Structure and Function overview

    • Bone is composed of compact & spongy bone.
    • Supports soft tissues; maintains body shape.
    • Protects internal organs (brain, heart, lungs).
    • Site of skeletal muscle attachment.
    • Stores calcium and phosphorus.
    • Forms blood cells in the marrow.

    Bone Types overview

    • Long bones (levers), short bones (support), flat bones (muscle attachment/organ protection), irregular bones (internal organ protection), sesamoid bones (tendon support).

    Long Bone Structure overview

    • Diaphysis: shaft; contains yellow marrow
    • Epiphysis: end; contains red marrow.
    • Articular cartilage covers part of epiphysis.
    • Periosteum covers bone surface (protects, nourishes bone tissue).

    Short Bone Function overview

    • Provide stability/support; limited motion, including carpals of wrists and tarsals of ankles.

    Flat Bone Function overview

    • Attachment point for muscles; protection of internal organs, particularly in the cranium, sternum, scapulae.

    Irregular Bone Function overview

    • Complex shape; protect internal organs; examples include vertebrae & facial bones.

    Sesamoid Bone Function overview

    • Located in tendons; protect tendons from compressive forces (e.g., patella).

    Bone Marrow Function overview

    • Yellow marrow stores fat; red marrow forms blood cells.

    Bone Remodeling overview

    • Continuous process involving osteoblasts (bone formation); osteoclasts (bone resorption).
    • Occurs due to mechanical stress (e.g., exercise).
    • Maintains homeostasis of calcium ion concentration, which is critical.

    Osteoporosis: Clinical Connection

    • Condition characterized by bone resorption faster than formation.
    • Bones become weak; prone to fractures.
    • Elderly and postmenopausal women at increased risk.
    • Prevention includes dietary calcium, Vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercise to stimulate osteoblasts.

    Calcitonin

    • Hormone produced by thyroid gland.
    • Regulates blood calcium/phosphate levels; inhibits osteoclast activity.
    • Helps remove calcium from blood & deposit into bone.

    Skeletal and Muscle Tissue overview

    • Explain general functions.
    • Describe the characteristics of the three major types of muscle tissue.
    • Explain the structure of skeletal muscle (s.m.)
      • myofibrils, and actin/myosin (myofilaments)
      • sarcomere, and band structures
    • Explain contraction steps.
    • Differentiate between Isotonic and Isometric contractions.
    • Explain how exercise affects muscles (aerobic/resistance).
    • Key clinical applications (e.g., tetanus).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the four major types of tissues in the human body, particularly muscle, connective, and epithelial tissues. This quiz covers their functions, characteristics, and interactions within the body, along with some facts about body composition and fluid compartments.

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