Human-System Interaction and Cognitive Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which field focuses on the design and use of computer technology, prioritizing the interaction between humans and computers?

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Cognitive Ergonomics
  • Interaction design
  • Human-computer interaction (correct)

Which field aims to improve user well-being and system performance by applying cognitive psychology to real-world situations?

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Cognitive Ergonomics (correct)
  • Human-computer interaction
  • Interaction design

Which field plays a critical role in developing engaging and adaptive interfaces for AI systems, ensuring user satisfaction and effectiveness?

  • Human-computer interaction
  • Cognitive Ergonomics
  • Interaction design (correct)
  • Cognitive psychology

The process of understanding how individuals perceive information and make decisions, which is crucial for designing intuitive AI interfaces, is studied in which field?

<p>Cognitive psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fields is concerned with optimizing the cognitive load in complex AI interactions, contributing to user well-being?

<p>Cognitive Ergonomics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The field that provides foundational principles for designing effective interactions between humans and AI systems, such as human-AI dialogues, is called:

<p>Human-computer interaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology in the context of AI interface design?

<p>Understanding how users process information and perceive AI systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which field is MOST directly focused on creating effective human-AI dialogs and interactions?

<p>Human-Computer Interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to information that is rehearsed or undergoes other forms of processing?

<p>It is transferred to long-term memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to George Miller's research, how many items can people typically retain in perfect order?

<p>5-9 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why it's okay to have more than nine items in an interface?

<p>Users can recall items from short-term memory easily. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that a small number of items is suitable for a smart watch screen?

<p>Smart watch screens have limited space. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate duration of information in short-term memory without rehearsal?

<p>20 seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of cognitive offloading?

<p>Remembering your friend's birthday (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the concept of the extended mind, which of these is NOT considered an extension of our cognitive abilities?

<p>The human brain's natural memory capabilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary goal of the theory of external cognition?

<p>To design interfaces that reduce cognitive effort and enhance cognitive abilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of external cognition relate to the design of user interfaces?

<p>It promotes the use of external representations and tools to support user cognition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the theory of external cognition relate to the idea of cognitive offloading?

<p>Cognitive offloading is a specific example of how external cognition can be applied in practice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of working memory is crucial for preventing post-completion errors in ATMs?

<p>Capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does working memory capacity affect task performance?

<p>Higher working memory capacity leads to better performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for redesigned ATMs dispensing cash only after the card is returned?

<p>To reduce the cognitive load on users during the transaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mitigation strategy for working memory overload?

<p>Introducing distractions during the process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key design implication based on the distinction between recall and recognition?

<p>Utilize menus and dropdowns for selection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a forced function to prevent task completion without the final step?

<p>A window that locks users out of other applications until they save their work. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between recall and recognition?

<p>Recall involves generating stimuli from memory, while recognition involves identifying previously encountered stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway from the discussion about working memory and design implications?

<p>User interface design should consider and mitigate working memory limitations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mental processes are key areas of focus within cognitive ergonomics?

<p>Memory and perception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of human-computer interaction?

<p>To understand how people interact with technology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes interaction design?

<p>An umbrella term encompassing various design disciplines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cognitive ergonomics, which issue is linked to how people perceive their environment?

<p>Accessibility limitations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive process involves interpreting sensory stimulation?

<p>Perception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive ergonomics is traditionally applied to optimize performance primarily in which context?

<p>Workspaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a relevant topic within cognitive ergonomics?

<p>Machine learning algorithms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cognitive processes is involved in problem-solving and decision-making?

<p>Reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance user understanding and create more intuitive AI interfaces?

<p>Presenting partial results during processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a bias by experience in user perception?

<p>Changing the location of buttons on a website (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is consistent placement of controls important in interface design?

<p>It helps avoid user confusion and improves usability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do goals influence user perception in design?

<p>They can limit where users look and what they notice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of multitasking mentioned in the content?

<p>Greater chance of making errors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies can improve attention during information processing?

<p>Grouping information into visual categories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle to avoid ambiguity in interface design?

<p>Using clear icons and symbols for all users (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should designers consider different user goals when creating interfaces?

<p>They ensure the interface meets varied user needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology

The study of mental processes like perception, attention, memory, and decision-making. It helps us understand how people think and process information.

Cognitive Ergonomics

Applying cognitive psychology to real-world problems to improve human well-being and system performance.

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

The area focused on designing and using computer technology, especially optimizing the interaction between people and computers.

Interaction Design

The process of creating engaging interfaces with well-defined behaviors, focusing on user goals and experience.

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Mental Model

A mental representation of how something works.

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Cognitive Load

The amount of mental effort needed to perform a task.

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Human Mental Model of AI

How people understand and interact with AI systems.

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Human-AI Dialog

A way for humans and AI systems to communicate and interact effectively.

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Perception

The process of how our brains interpret sensory information from the world around us.

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Attention

The ability to focus our mental resources on a specific task or stimulus, filtering out distractions.

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Memory

The way we store and retrieve information, ranging from short-term memories to long-term knowledge.

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Learning

The process of acquiring new knowledge, skills, or behaviors through experience.

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Reasoning and Decision-making

A type of cognitive process that includes problem-solving, planning, making decisions, and drawing logical conclusions.

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Perception Bias

Our perception of the world is influenced by past experiences, current context, and future goals.

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Bias by Experience

People tend to expect consistency in design, making them less likely to notice changes, even if significant.

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Bias by Goals

Our goals influence where we focus our attention, making us more receptive to information relevant to those goals.

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Avoid Ambiguity

Avoid ambiguity in design to ensure all users interpret the interface in the same way. Use clear icons and symbols.

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Maintain Consistency

Maintain consistent placement of controls and use consistent shapes, colors, and fonts throughout the interface.

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Understand User Goals

Recognize that different users may have different goals and ensure the interface guides them towards relevant actions.

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Attention Limits

Our ability to attend to and process information is limited. Multitasking can lead to errors and reduced cognitive efficiency.

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Short-term memory

A type of memory that holds information for a brief period (around 20 seconds) before it decays unless actively rehearsed.

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Rehearsal

The process of repeating information to keep it active in short-term memory, preventing it from decaying.

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Transfer to long-term memory

The process of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory through active processing and elaboration.

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Long-term memory

A memory system with a vast capacity for storing information for extended periods, generally retrieved consciously.

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Miller's Law (7 plus or minus 2)

The phenomenon where people can generally remember up to 5-9 items in a specific order.

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Cognitive Offloading

A method to avoid forgetting and reduce cognitive effort by utilizing external aids like reminders or lists.

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External Representations

Representations outside of the brain, like notes, drawings, or symbols, that help us store and retrieve information.

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Extended Mind

The concept that our cognitive abilities can be extended through the use of external tools and technologies, essentially merging the mind with the environment.

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External Cognition

Designing technologies and interfaces that enhance cognitive abilities while reducing cognitive effort.

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Give users choices, not recall

Providing users with clear choices and options, rather than requiring them to remember or recall all possibilities.

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Working Memory

The ability to hold and manipulate information in our minds for short periods of time. It's essential for tasks like understanding instructions, solving problems, and learning new things.

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Post-Completion Errors

Errors that happen after completing a task, often because working memory was overloaded during the process.

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Recall

To bring past information into our conscious awareness without seeing or hearing it again.

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Recognition

To recognize something we've seen before from among other new things.

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Working Memory and Design

Making a design easier to use by reducing the demands on users' working memory. This can be done by automating steps, providing reminders, or using forced functions.

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Forced Functions

Actions taken to prevent user errors, such as requiring confirmation before deleting a file.

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See and Choose vs. Recall and Type

Users are more likely to remember and find information when they can see and choose it, rather than having to recall it from memory.

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Study Notes

Human-System Interaction

  • This field aims to design intuitive, efficient, and enjoyable user experiences in technology
  • It involves the study of cognitive processes to understand how users think and process information
  • This understanding is crucial for building human mental models of AI
  • Designing intuitive AI interfaces requires knowledge of cognitive processes
  • Cognitive ergonomics optimizes human well-being and system performance in complex AI interactions, ensuring user well-being
  • The field of Human-Computer Interaction focuses on computer technology, centering on the interfaces between people and computers, optimizing performance for human-AI interactions, including dialogs and interactions.
  • Interaction design creates engaging interfaces with well-developed behaviors focused on user goals and experiences to foster meaningful and adaptable interfaces for AI systems.

Cognitive Psychology

  • A discipline focused on internal mental processes, including perception, attention, language, memory, learning, emotion, decision-making, problem-solving, and creativity

  • Explains how people perceive shapes, remember facts, and experience emotions

Cognitive Ergonomics

  • Concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions between humans and other system components

  • Traditionally applied to optimize workplace performance, including mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress, and training.

Human-Computer Interaction

  • Integrates aspects of computer science, psychology, cognitive science, and organizational and social sciences to comprehend how people use and experience interactive technology
  • A crucial factor in designing effective interaction with AI systems.

Interaction Design

  • Serves as an umbrella for interface design, software design, user-centered design, product design, web design, and experience design (UX)

  • Fundamental to researching and designing intelligent systems for people

Interdisciplinary Fields

  • Converge to address the unique challenges of human-AI interaction, ensuring systems are not only intelligent but also usable, ethical, and human-centered

Cognitive Processes

  • Key cognitive processes involved in human-AI interaction include attention, perception, memory, learning, reading, speaking, listening, problem-solving, and decision-making

Perception

  • Relates to how we interpret sensory stimulation
  • Design should ensure perceivable text, clear icons, and usability of interface elements

Attention

  • The ability to detect and respond to stimuli; it's crucial to effectively process information in complex environments.
  • This ability is limited and can degrade under substantial cognitive load from multitasking, requiring strategies that mitigate distractions.

Memory

  • Memory is categorized into encoding, storage, and retrieval, with three different types: sensory store, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
  • Sensory stores hold vast amounts of data briefly, short-term memory holds limited amounts of information for about 20 seconds, and long-term memory stores information indefinitely.

Post-Completion Errors

  • Errors encountered after a primary task, particularly in user interactions with systems, such as ATMs.
  • They happen when users lack a clear procedure after completing a primary task

Working Memory

  • A system responsible for temporary storage and concurrent processing of information.
  • Affected by cognitive load and the complexity of a task.
  • Includes the central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, and episodic buffer.

Mental Models

  • People develop mental models in using a system to comprehend its operation
  • Used to infer actions and understand unexpected situations.
  • Crucial in designing user-centered systems.

Cognitive Offloading

  • A strategy for preventing forgetting and avoiding the effort of remembering
  • Implemented by external representations such as diaries, reminders, calendars, etc.

Consistency

  • Important in the design of user interfaces that use similar elements and operations in similar tasks to make it easier for users to learn and use the system effectively, leading to usability

Affordances

  • The perceived capabilities of objects, guiding users on how to interact with them effectively

Gulfs of Execution and Evaluation

  • They refer to the conceptual gap between the user, the goal, and how the system is used, and between feedback and how to process it correctly.
  • Analyzing these gaps is crucial in interface design for usability.

Embodied Interaction

  • The approach of interface design that considers user's relationship with the world (physical and social) in the design and use.
  • Based on recurrent patterns in bodily experiences and embodied metaphors.

Design Strategies for Generative AI

  • Strategies for designing generative AI systems include helping users understand system behavior, teaching effective use, understanding user mental models, and education.

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Description

This quiz explores the relationship between human-system interaction and cognitive psychology. It covers how understanding cognitive processes informs the design of intuitive AI interfaces and optimizes user experiences. Assess your knowledge of how cognitive ergonomics and interaction design impact user well-being in technology.

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