Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function of the cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone?
What is the function of the cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone?
Which bone forms the posterior part of the hard palate?
Which bone forms the posterior part of the hard palate?
What is the function of the foramen ovale in relation to a cranial nerve?
What is the function of the foramen ovale in relation to a cranial nerve?
Which bone is commonly referred to as 'cheekbones'?
Which bone is commonly referred to as 'cheekbones'?
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What structure does the sella turcica enclose?
What structure does the sella turcica enclose?
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What is the function of the paranasal sinuses surrounding the nasal cavity?
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses surrounding the nasal cavity?
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What stimulates osteoclasts to increase bone resorption and release calcium?
What stimulates osteoclasts to increase bone resorption and release calcium?
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What is the term for a fracture where the bone breaks incompletely, much like when a green twig breaks?
What is the term for a fracture where the bone breaks incompletely, much like when a green twig breaks?
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Which gland secretes Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low calcium levels?
Which gland secretes Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low calcium levels?
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In which stage of life do older individuals, especially postmenopausal women, experience a decrease in bone mass?
In which stage of life do older individuals, especially postmenopausal women, experience a decrease in bone mass?
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Which part of the body forms the longitudinal part and consists of the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax?
Which part of the body forms the longitudinal part and consists of the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax?
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What is the hormone produced by the kidneys in response to PTH to increase calcium absorption in the intestines?
What is the hormone produced by the kidneys in response to PTH to increase calcium absorption in the intestines?
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Which bone forms the bony nasal septum?
Which bone forms the bony nasal septum?
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Which bone is the largest and strongest bone of the face?
Which bone is the largest and strongest bone of the face?
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What is the function of paranasal sinuses?
What is the function of paranasal sinuses?
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What makes the hyoid bone unique?
What makes the hyoid bone unique?
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Which bone forms the bridge of the nose?
Which bone forms the bridge of the nose?
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What do the inferior nasal conchae bones project from?
What do the inferior nasal conchae bones project from?
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What is the purpose of fontanelles in the fetal skull?
What is the purpose of fontanelles in the fetal skull?
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How many cervical vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
How many cervical vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
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Which part of the vertebral column supports the rib?
Which part of the vertebral column supports the rib?
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What is the largest type of vertebrae that supports the body's weight?
What is the largest type of vertebrae that supports the body's weight?
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How many bones are present in the sacrum and coccyx combined?
How many bones are present in the sacrum and coccyx combined?
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What is the function of intervertebral discs in the vertebral column?
What is the function of intervertebral discs in the vertebral column?
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What is the main function of the thoracic cage?
What is the main function of the thoracic cage?
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Which part of the sternum is located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall?
Which part of the sternum is located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall?
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How many pairs of true ribs are there in the bony thorax?
How many pairs of true ribs are there in the bony thorax?
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At what age do the three parts of the sternum usually fuse together?
At what age do the three parts of the sternum usually fuse together?
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What is the name for an increased lateral curvature of the spinal column?
What is the name for an increased lateral curvature of the spinal column?
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In which condition may the nucleus pulposus leak out due to a tear in the annulus fibrosus?
In which condition may the nucleus pulposus leak out due to a tear in the annulus fibrosus?
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Study Notes
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
- Bone fracture healing involves several stages, including fracture, repair, and remodeling
- Types of fractures include open (compound), comminuted, greenstick, impacted, Pott, and Colles
Bone's Role in Calcium Homeostasis
- Bones store 99% of the body's calcium
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted when calcium levels drop, stimulating osteoclasts to release calcium into the bloodstream
- PTH also stimulates the production of calcitriol, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines
Ageing and Bone Tissue
- From birth to adolescence, bone production exceeds resorption
- In adults, bone production and resorption are balanced
- In older individuals, especially postmenopausal women, bone resorption exceeds production, leading to decreased bone mass
The Axial Skeleton
- The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones that form the longitudinal part of the body
- It is divided into three parts: skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax
The Skull
- The skull is part of the axial skeleton
- It consists of 22 bones that fuse together
- The sphenoid bone is a butterfly-shaped bone that forms part of the cranial cavity
- The ethmoid bone is irregularly shaped and contains the crista galli and cribriform plates
- The nasal conchae are extensions of the ethmoid bone that form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Facial Bones
- The facial bones consist of 14 bones that form the face
- The maxillae bones form the upper jaw and contain the upper teeth
- The palatine bone forms the posterior part of the hard palate
- The zygomatic bone forms the lateral walls of the orbits
- The lacrimal bone forms the medial walls of the orbits
Paranasal Sinuses
- Paranasal sinuses are hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
- They lighten the skull and give resonance and amplification to the voice
The Hyoid Bone
- The hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone that does not articulate with another bone
- It serves as a movable base for the tongue and is situated at the top of the larynx
The Fetal Skull
- The fetal skull is large compared to the infant's total body length
- Fontanelles are fibrous membranes that connect the cranial bones, allowing the brain to grow
- Fontanelles convert to bone within 24 months after birth
The Vertebral Column
- The vertebral column is the axial support of the body
- It consists of 33 bones separated by intervertebral discs that protect the spinal cord
- Each vertebra is given a name according to its location
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
- Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7) allow for forward, backward, and twisting motions of the neck
- Thoracic vertebrae support the rib
- Lumbar vertebrae support the body's weight
- Sacrum and coccyx are triangular-shaped bones composed of fused vertebrae
The Bony Thorax
- The bony thorax forms a protective, cone-shaped cage around the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels
- It is made up of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
- The sternum is a flat bone divided into three segments: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
Disorders
- Scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis are curve-related pathologies that affect the spinal column
- Herniated discs can occur due to trauma or aging, leading to the leakage of the nucleus pulposus into the annulus fibrosus
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of human skull bones including lacrimal bone, nasal bone, vomer bone, inferior nasal conchae, and mandible. Identify the functions and structures of these important facial bones.
