Human Skull Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the infantile skull?

  • Not completely developed at birth
  • Consists of 12 bones (correct)
  • Has fontanels
  • Allows for easier passage through the birth canal

The vertebral column supports the head and trunk, and protects the spinal cord.

True (A)

What are the soft spots in the infantile skull called?

Fontanels

The vertebrae in the vertebral column are connected by ligaments and ______.

<p>cartilaginous discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cervical vertebra supports the head and allows for its rotation?

<p>C2 (Axis) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features of the vertebral column with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Cervical Vertebrae = Supports the head and allows for its rotation Thoracic Vertebrae = Larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae Fontanels = Soft spots in an infant's skull Cartilaginous Discs = Act as shock absorbers between vertebrae Ligaments = Connect vertebrae and provide stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thoracic vertebrae are smaller and weaker than cervical vertebrae.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fontanels in an infant's skull?

<p>Allows for brain growth and easier passage through the birth canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are ______ cervical vertebrae in the neck.

<p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is located medial in the anatomical position?

<p>Ulna (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pelvis consists only of the sacrum and coccyx.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges does each finger have?

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

The wrist consists of ____ carpal bones.

<p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the body to their correct description:

<p>Wrist = 8 carpal bones Palm = 5 metacarpal bones Fingers = 3 phalanges per finger Pelvic girdle = Supports and protects organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are part of the pectoral girdle?

<p>Clavicle and scapula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The glenoid cavity articulates with the head of the radius.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pectoral girdle?

<p>To support upper limbs and serve as an attachment site for muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is a long bone that extends from the scapula to the elbow.

<p>humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process ends the spine of the scapula and articulates with the clavicle?

<p>Acromion process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The radius is located on the medial side of the forearm.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two bones that articulate with the humerus at its distal end.

<p>Radius and ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scapula is a broad, __________ bone located on either side of the upper back.

<p>triangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Scapula = Shoulder blade Clavicle = Collarbone Humerus = Upper arm bone Radius = Lateral bone of forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What divides the scapula into unequal portions?

<p>The spine of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are there in the human skull?

<p>22 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mandible is the only movable bone in the skull.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bones of the cranium?

<p>Enclose and protect the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ forms the anterior part of the skull above the eyes.

<p>frontal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms the back of the skull and base of the cranium?

<p>Occipital bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nasal bones contribute to the upper jaw.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the vertebral column is specifically adapted for weight-bearing?

<p>Lumbar vertebrae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The coccyx consists of five fused vertebrae.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thoracic cage?

<p>To protect the organs of the thorax and support the upper limbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sternum consists of three parts: Manubrium, ______, and Xiphoid process.

<p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of ribs with their descriptions:

<p>True Ribs = Pairs 1-7 that connect directly to the sternum False Ribs = Pairs 8-12 that do not attach directly to the sternum Floating Ribs = Pairs 11-12 that are not connected to the sternum at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of ribs do humans typically have?

<p>12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sacrum is located at the top of the spine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the sternum?

<p>Breastbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are ____ lumbar vertebrae in the spinal column.

<p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes lumbar vertebrae from thoracic and cervical vertebrae?

<p>Larger size for weight-bearing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Skull: What is it?

The skull is a bony structure that protects the brain and forms the framework of the face. It is composed of 22 bones: 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, and 3 small bones in each middle ear.

Cranial Bones: What's their role?

The cranial bones enclose and protect the brain, provide attachments for muscles, and contain air-filled sinuses that reduce weight and contribute to vocal depth.

Frontal Bone: Where is it?

The frontal bone forms the anterior part of the skull above the eyes.

Parietal Bones: Where are they?

The parietal bones (2) form the roof and sides of the skull just behind the frontal bone.

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Occipital Bone: Where is it?

The occipital bone forms the back of the skull and base of the cranium.

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Temporal Bones: Where are they?

The temporal bones (2) form parts of the sides and base of the cranium.

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Facial Bones: What's their purpose?

The facial bones form the basic shape of the face and provide attachments for muscles. Examples include the maxilla, palatine bones, zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones, nasal bones, vomer bone, and mandible.

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Fontanels

Spaces in the skull of infants where bones haven't fully formed, covered by flexible membrane.

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Function of Fontanels

Allows the skull to be compressed during birth, aiding in safe passage through the birth canal.

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Vertebral Column

The central bony structure of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to the pelvis.

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Vertebrae Structure

The vertebrae are connected by cartilaginous discs, allowing limited flexibility and movement.

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Cervical Vertebrae

The first seven vertebrae, located in the neck.

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Transverse Foramen

The distinctive feature of most cervical vertebrae, a hole in the transverse process, allowing for passage of blood vessels.

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Atlas

The first cervical vertebra, supporting the head.

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Axis

The second cervical vertebra, featuring a tooth-like projection that pivots with the atlas, allowing head rotation.

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Thoracic Vertebrae

The twelve vertebrae in the chest region, larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae.

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Manubrium of the Sternum

The upper part of the sternum, located above the body.

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Body of the Sternum

The middle and longest part of the sternum.

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Xiphoid Process

The lower, pointed part of the sternum.

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Pectoral Girdle

A set of bones that connect the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

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Scapula

A large, triangular bone located on the back, forming the shoulder blade.

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Clavicle

A long, S-shaped bone located at the front of the shoulder, connecting to the sternum.

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Acromion Process

A bony prominence at the top of the scapula, connecting to the clavicle.

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Coracoid Process

A projection on the scapula that serves as an attachment point for muscles.

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Glenoid Cavity

The socket on the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus.

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Humerus

The long bone of the upper arm, connecting the shoulder to the elbow.

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Ulna: What is it?

The ulna is the longer of the two forearm bones, located on the medial side (pinky side) in anatomical position. It articulates with the humerus at the elbow joint, forming the trochlear notch, and with the radius at the wrist.

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Radius: What is it?

The radius is the shorter and lateral bone of the forearm, located on the thumb side. It articulates with the humerus at the elbow and with the ulna at the wrist.

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Hand Anatomy: What are the parts?

The hand is composed of three main parts: the wrist, palm, and fingers. The wrist contains 8 carpal bones arranged in two rows of four. The palm consists of 5 metacarpal bones. The fingers have 3 phalanges each, except for the thumb, which has 2.

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Pelvic Girdle: What is it?

The pelvic girdle consists of two hip bones, sacrum and coccyx. It supports the trunk of the body on the lower limbs, provides attachment points for lower limb muscles, and protects internal organs.

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Pelvis: What is it?

The pelvis is made up of the pelvic girdle and the structures it encloses, including the sacrum and coccyx. Its primary function is to support the weight of the body and protect its internal organs.

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Lumbar Vertebrae

The five vertebrae in the lower back, responsible for supporting the weight of the body.

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Sacrum

The triangular bone at the base of the spine, formed from five fused vertebrae.

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Coccyx

The 'tailbone', the lowest part of the spine, composed of four fused vertebrae.

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Thoracic Cage

The bony framework composed of ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilage, protecting vital organs and supporting the upper limbs.

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True Ribs (Pairs 1-7)

True ribs attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilage.

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False Ribs (Pairs 8-12)

False ribs don't attach directly to the sternum, instead connect indirectly via costal cartilage.

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Floating Ribs (Pairs 11-12)

Floating ribs have no connection to the sternum.

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Sternum

The breastbone, located along the anterior midline of the thoracic cage.

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Manubrium

The upper part of the sternum.

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Study Notes

Skull

  • The skull consists of 22 bones: 8 cranial and 14 facial.
  • There are also 3 small bones located in the middle ear.
  • All bones of the skull are fixed except the mandible.

Cranium Bones

  • These bones protect and enclose the brain.
  • They provide attachment points for muscles.
  • They contain air-filled sinuses which reduce weight.
  • They affect vocal depth.
  • The frontal bone is at the front of the skull, above the eyes.
  • Parietal bones (two) form the top and sides behind the frontal bone.
  • The occipital bone forms the back and base of the skull.
  • Temporal bones (two) are part of the sides and base of the skull.
  • The sphenoid bone forms the base of the skull and parts of the eye sockets.
  • The ethmoid bone is located in front of the sphenoid bone.

Facial Skeleton

  • These bones shape the face and provide muscle attachments.
  • Maxilla forms the upper jaw and holds upper teeth.
  • Palatine bones form part of the nasal cavity and palate.
  • Zygomatic bones are cheekbones.
  • Lacrimal bones are part of the eye sockets.
  • Nasal bones form the nose bridge.
  • Vomer forms part of the nasal septum
  • Mandible is the lower jaw, the only movable bone of the skull.

Infantile Skull

  • At birth, the skull is not fully developed.
  • Fontanels (soft spots) are membranous areas of incomplete ossification.
  • These allow for movement during childbirth.
  • Fontanels close as the cranial bones grow together.

Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage

  • The vertebral column is the body's vertical axis.
  • It runs from the skull to the pelvis and supports the head and trunk.
  • It protects the spinal cord.
  • The column consists of vertebrae separated by cartilage discs.
  • Vertebrae are connected by ligaments.

Cervical Vertebrae

  • Seven cervical vertebrae support the head.
  • Unique features include foramens (holes) in transverse processes, and a bifid spinal process in vertebrae 3 to 6.
  • Atlas (C1) supports the head
  • Axis (C2) has a tooth-like projection that pivots with the atlas.

Thoracic Vertebrae

  • Twelve thoracic vertebrae make up the thoracic region.
  • They are larger and stronger than the cervical vertebrae.
  • Their spinous processes are long and point downwards.
  • Their bodies become larger as one moves down the back.

Lumbar Vertebrae

  • Five lumbar vertebrae form the lower back.
  • They support the body's weight, and are much larger than the thoracic and cervical vertebrae.
  • They are adapted for weight bearing.

Sacrum

  • A triangular structure at the base of the spine.
  • Composed of five fused vertebrae.

Coccyx

  • The tailbone.
  • Lowest part of the spine.
  • Composed of four fused vertebrae.

Thoracic Cage

  • Formed by ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilage.
  • Supports the pectoral girdle, shoulders, and upper limbs.

Ribs

  • Humans have 12 pairs of ribs.
  • True ribs (1-7) have costal cartilage directly connected to the sternum.
  • False ribs (8-10) do not reach the sternum directly.
  • Floating ribs (11-12) do not connect to the sternum.

Sternum

  • Breastbone.
  • Located along the anterior midline of the thoracic cage.
  • Three parts: Manubrium (upper), Body (main), Xiphoid process (lower).

Pectoral Girdle and Arm

  • The pectoral girdle is an incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs.
  • Made of two clavicles and two scapulae.
  • The scapula is broad and triangular, on either side of the upper back.
  • A spine divides the top and bottom of the scapula, with the acromion process at the end of the spine.
  • The glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus.
  • The humerus is a long bone that extends from the scapula to the elbow.

Radius and Ulna

  • The radius is located on the thumb side of the forearm.
  • The ulna is longer and located on the pinky side of the forearm.
  • The trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the humerus (elbow).
  • The distal end of the ulna articulates with the radius at the wrist.

Hand

  • The hand consists of wrist (8 carpals), palm (5 metacarpals) and fingers (14 phalanges).
  • The thumb has two phalanges, while the other fingers have three.

Pelvic Girdle and Leg

  • The pelvic girdle consists of hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis).
  • Fused in the region of the acetabulum.
  • Ilium is the large upper part of the hip bone.
  • Ischium forms the L-shaped posterior part of the hip bone, supporting weight.
  • Pubis is the anterior portion of the hip bone.
  • Pubic bones join at the pubic symphysis.

Lower Limb

  • The lower limb includes the thigh and leg (and foot).
  • The femur is the thighbone, the longest bone in the body.
  • The tibia (shinbone) is the major weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
  • The fibula is located along side the tibia and does not bear weight.
  • Tarsals (7) form the ankle.
  • Metatarsals (5) form the foot sole.
  • Phalanges (14) form the toes.

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Description

This quiz explores the structure and function of the human skull, detailing the 22 bones that form this critical part of the anatomy. It covers both cranial and facial bones, their functions, and relationships to the overall skeletal system. Test your knowledge on the bones of the skull and their importance in protecting the brain and shaping the face.

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