30 Questions
What is the primary function of the skin?
To protect the human body from external environmental agents
What is the range of wavelengths of UV rays?
200 to 400 nm
What is the effect of UV rays on the skin?
It has both beneficial and adverse effects on the skin
What is the classification of UV rays based on their wavelengths?
UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C
What is the layer of the skin responsible for synthesizing vitamin D?
Epidermis
What is the effect of opening calcium ion channels in the vascular smooth muscle?
Vasodilatation
What is the result of vasodilatation in the vascular smooth muscle?
Decreased blood pressure
What type of ion channels are opened in the vascular smooth muscle to lower blood pressure?
Calcium ion channels
What is the mechanism by which blood pressure is lowered in the vascular smooth muscle?
Vasodilatation through calcium ion channels
What is the effect of vasodilatation on the diameter of blood vessels?
It increases the diameter of blood vessels
What decreases in serum according to the text?
Cholesterol, triacylglycerides, and LDL + VLDL cholesterol
What is a result of the simultaneous increase in glycogen, hemoglobin, and protein?
Reduced blood glucose levels
What is reduced in the blood alongside the decrease in cholesterol?
Glycosylated hemoglobin and urea
What is increased in the blood alongside the decrease in triacylglycerides?
Glycogen and hemoglobin
What compound is also present in O.sanctum, in addition to eugenol?
Euginal
Which of the following compounds is NOT found in O.sanctum?
Thymol
What can be inferred about the overall effect of the described changes?
Improved glucose metabolism and lipid profiles
What is the name of the compound that is a terpene found in O.sanctum?
Caryophyllene
Which of the following compounds is also a triterpenoid, like ursolic acid?
Oleanolic acid
What is COPD characterized by?
Airflow limitation that is not fully reversible
Is COPD a preventable disease?
Yes
What is the name of the compound that is a phenolic compound found in O.sanctum?
Eugenol
What is the nature of COPD?
Preventable and treatable
What is the effect of COPD on airflow?
Airflow is limited
What is the reversibility of airflow limitation in COPD?
Not fully reversible
What effect do carotenoids have on cells?
They induce apoptosis
What has been observed in many studies regarding RA?
Antiproliferative effects
What is the relationship between carotenoids and apoptosis?
Carotenoids induce apoptosis
What is the effect of RA on cell growth?
It slows down cell growth
What is the role of carotenoids in relation to cell growth and death?
They influence both cell growth and death
Study Notes
Skin Structure and Function
- The skin is the largest and most vital organ in the human body.
- The skin is composed of two layers: epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer).
Skin Functions
- The skin primarily protects the human body from external environmental agents such as: • UV rays • Pathogens • Pollutants
Vitamin D Synthesis
- Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin by the action of UV rays emitted by sunlight.
- Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin.
Adverse Effects of UV Rays
- UV rays emitted by sunlight are associated with several adverse effects, including: • Skin cancer
- UV rays have a wavelength ranging from 200 to 400 nm.
Classification of UV Rays
- UV rays are classified based on their wavelengths into: • UV-A rays (320−400 nm) • UV-B rays (280−320 nm) • UV-C rays
Learn about the layers of the skin, its protective functions, and the role of UV rays in vitamin D synthesis.
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