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Questions and Answers
What type of tissue primarily constitutes the adult skeleton?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeleton?
Which bone marking is characterized as a large rounded projection?
What constitutes the main components of the axial skeleton?
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Which type of bone is characterized as being longer than it is wide?
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Which bone marking would you find as a sharp, slender projection?
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What primarily fills the cavities in spongy bone?
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Which of the following bone markings is described as a narrow ridge of bone that is usually prominent?
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Which type of bone is primarily composed of spongy bone and has a thin layer of compact bone on its surface?
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What type of cells are responsible for bone formation and can be found in the periosteum?
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What is the primary function of the articular cartilage in long bones?
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Which part of a long bone is responsible for growth in length during the development of growing animals?
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What is stored in the medullary cavity of long bones in infants?
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Study Notes
Skeleton Overview
- Composed primarily of bone and cartilage
- Embryos contain mostly hyaline cartilage, while adults have mostly bone
- Cartilage found in specific locations, such as the nose, larynx, trachea, joints, ribcage, and ear
Functions of the Skeleton
- Support: Provides structural framework for the body
- Protection: Encases vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs
- Lever System for Movement: Muscles attach to bones to facilitate movement
- Storage: Stores minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus
- Production of Blood Cells: Red bone marrow produces blood cells
Subdivisions of the Skeleton
-
Axial Skeleton: Located at the center of gravity (torso)
- Includes the skull, sternum, and vertebral column
- Appendicular Skeleton: Consists of the limbs and pelvic and pectoral girdles
Bone Markings
- Areas on bone surfaces where ligaments, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels attach
- Projections: Bony outgrowths, such as tuberosities, crests, trochanters, lines, and tubercles
- Depressions or Cavities: Indentations, such as grooves, fissures, foramens, notches, meatuses, sinuses, and fossae
- Refer to Table 9.1 for detailed descriptions of specific bone markings
Classification of Bones
- The human body has 206 bones
- Two primary types of bone tissue:
- Compact bone: Dense and smooth
- Spongy bone: Consists of trabeculae (lattice-like structures)
Subtypes of Bones
-
Long bones: Longer than wide, with a shaft (diaphysis) and heads at the ends (epiphyses)
- Primarily composed of compact bone, examples: femur, humerus
-
Short bones: Cube-shaped, with more spongy bone than compact bone
- Examples: carpals, tarsals
-
Flat bones: Two layers of thin compact bone with spongy bone in between
- Often curved, examples: skull bones, ribs, sternum
- Irregular bones: Unusually shaped, examples: vertebrae, facial bones
- Sesamoid bones: Found inside tendons, example: patella (kneecap)
- Wormian/Sutural bones: Small bones found between the cranial bones
Anatomy of a Long Bone
- Shaft (Diaphysis): Central long axis, mostly compact bone
-
Periosteum: Fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone
- Contains osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
- Sharpey's fibers connect periosteum to bone
- Endosteum: Lines the inner surface of the shaft, contains osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells)
- Epiphysis: Ends of the long bone, primarily spongy bone with a thin layer of compact bone
-
Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyseal surface
- Smooth surface to reduce friction at joints
- Epiphyseal plate: Hyaline cartilage present in growing bones, allows for longitudinal growth
- Epiphyseal line: Remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adults
-
Central Cavity (Medullary Cavity): Stores fat (yellow marrow)
- In infants, contains red bone marrow for blood cell production
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Description
This quiz covers the composition, functions, and subdivisions of the human skeleton, including the axial and appendicular parts. Test your knowledge on various aspects like support, protection, and the role of bone markings. Gain insights into the importance of the skeleton in human anatomy.
