MSK anatomy Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

How many bones are comprised in the upper limb?

64 (correct)

What is the primary function of the pectoral girdle?

Facilitate lower limb movement

Protect the heart and lungs

Anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton (correct)

Support weight of the upper body

Which of the following statements is true about the shoulder joint?

It has a shallow glenoid cavity. (correct)

It is the most stable joint in the body.

It bears most of the weight of the upper body.

It is the least mobile joint in the body.

What aspect of the shoulder joint contributes to its high mobility?

A loose joint capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of bones in the pelvic girdle?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What primarily comprises the structure of a typical vertebra?

Vertebral body and vertebral arch Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the vertebral arch?

Forming the walls of the vertebral canal Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the human skull is true?

It includes 8 cranial and 14 facial bones. Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebrae are characterized by having large costal elements?

Thoracic vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What increases in size as one moves from the cervical to the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

Vertebral body Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of synovial fluid within a joint?

To serve as a lubricant reducing friction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint allows for rotation?

Pivot joint Signup and view all the answers

What kind of movements do hinge joints permit?

Flexion and extension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following synovial joints consists of concave and convex surfaces?

Saddle joint Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint would MOST likely allow the greatest range of motion?

Ball & socket joint Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is primarily responsible for gliding or sliding movements?

Plane joint Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a condyloid joint?

Permits movement but not rotation Signup and view all the answers

What structure in synovial joints prevents the rubbing of joint surfaces?

Synovial fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?

To support and secure the lower limbs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the female pelvis is correct?

It forms a wide birth canal. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes synovial joints from other types of joints?

They contain synovial fluid in a cavity. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for the least movement?

Fibrous joints Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is exemplified by the connection between the shaft of long bones and the rib cage?

Synchondrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the joint where teeth are secured into their respective bones?

Gomphoses Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of cartilaginous joints?

They are often found in areas requiring limited movement. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fibrous joint features two adjacent bones linked by an interosseous ligament?

Syndesmoses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is the knee considered to be?

Modified hinge joint Signup and view all the answers

What factor provides the greatest stability to synovial joints?

Muscle tone Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of aging related to joint health?

Reduction in bone mass leading to fractures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs in osteoarthritis?

Formation of bony nodules known as osteophytes Signup and view all the answers

What role do ligaments play in joint stability?

They reinforce and prevent undesirable movement Signup and view all the answers

How does thinning of intervertebral discs affect an individual as they age?

Increases risk of disk herniation Signup and view all the answers

What biomechanical effect does osteoarthritis have on joints?

Disrupts normal joint function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of synovial fluid?

To lubricate joints Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vertebrae

Vertebrae are bones that form the vertebral column.
Vertebrae increase in size from C2 to L5.
Vertebral body is the anterior part of the vertebrae and carries the majority of weight.
Vertebral arch forms the lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral canal.
Vertebral arch is where muscles and ligaments attach.
Vertebral arch also provides articulation points with adjacent vertebrae.
Vertebral canal contains the spinal cord, blood vessels, and connective tissues.
Thoracic vertebrae have large costal elements which form articulation points with the ribs.

Skull

The human skull contains 22 bones: 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.
The human skull also contains 6 inner ear ossicles.
The skull bones, with the exception of the mandible, are immovably joined.
The skull can be divided into sections: forehead - frontal; roof - parietal; side - temporal; back - occipital.

Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower limbs.
The upper limb consists of 64 bones: 4 in the pectoral girdle (scapulae & clavicles), 6 in arms and forearms, and 54 in the wrists and hands.
The lower limb consists of 62 bones: 2 in the pelvic girdle, 8 in the thigh and lower leg, and 52 in the ankle and feet.

Pectoral Girdle

The pectoral girdle is comprised of the scapulae and clavicles.
The pectoral girdle is not typically weight-bearing and sacrifices stability for mobility.
The shoulder joint, the most mobile joint in the body, is also prone to dislocation.

Pelvic Girdle

The pelvic girdle is specialized for weight-bearing.
The pelvic girdle is a basin-like structure formed by the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx.
Each hip bone consists of 3 fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Male and Female Pelvis

There are differences between the male and female pelvis.
The male pelvis is deep and narrow, with larger and heavier bones.
The female pelvis is shallow and wide and forms the birth canal.

Joints

A joint is where two or more bones meet.
Joints hold bones together and allow for movement.
There are two main categories of joints: synovial joints and solid joints.
Synovial joints are also known as diarthrosis, enable movement, and contain a cavity filled with synovial fluid.
Solid joints consist of fibrous and cartilaginous joints and generally exhibit little to no movement.

Types of Joints

Synovial joints come in six types: Pivot, Hinge, Plane, Condyloid, Saddle, and Ball & Socket.
Solid joints are categorized into two types: Fibrous and Cartilaginous.

Cartilaginous Joints

Cartilaginous joints are a type of solid joint.
Cartilaginous joints can be classified as synchondrosis and symphyses.
Synchondrosis allows for bone growth during adolescence and eventually becomes ossified.
Symphyses occur in the medial line of the body and connect two bones by cartilage.

Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are a type of solid joint.
Fibrous joints can be classified as sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses.
Sutures are thin layers of connective tissue and are only found in the skull.
Gomphoses are collagen fibers found in the periodontal ligament and secure teeth to bone.
Syndesmoses are interosseous ligaments that connect bones, such as the radius and ulna, or tibia and fibula.

Synovial Joints

Synovial joints have three main components: joint cavity, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid is an egg-white consistency and helps to lubricate the joint surfaces, preventing friction and damage.

Examples of Synovial Joints

Pivot joints allow rotation.
Hinge joints allow flexion, extention and rotation along a single axis.
Saddle joints allow for a variety of movement, including flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction.
Plane joints allow gliding or sliding movements.
Condyloid joints allow for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction.
Ball & socket joints allow for movement in several axes.

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body.
It is formed by the articulation of the tibial and femoral condyles, anteriorly by the patella and the patellar surface of the femur.
The knee joint is a modified hinge joint that allows for extension, flexion, rotation, and some gliding.

Factors that Influence Synovial Joint Stability

Joint surfaces - the larger the surface and the deeper the socket, the greater the stability.
Ligaments - ligaments reinforce and prevent undesirable movement.
Muscle tone - the tone of muscles whose tendons cross the joint are the most important stabilizing factor.

Ageing & Degenerative Changes

Adult height and skeleton changes are minimal until middle age.
With old age, thinning of intervertebral discs and osteoporosis lead to a gradual loss of height.
The risk of disc herniation increases.
The risk of fracture increases because of bone mass loss.
Increased rigidity of the thoracic cage leads to breathing difficulties.
There is an increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease.
Osteoarthritis occurs when the quality of cartilage is reduced and becomes brittle and more prone to mechanical wear.
Synovial fluid may leak into cracks in the bone.
Bony nodules (osteophytes) form, and the joint becomes deformed.
Osteoarthritis can lead to inflammation and pain, as well as disruptions to the joint’s biomechanical forces.

Joint Replacement

Joint replacement is a surgical procedure used to replace a damaged joint with an artificial joint.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on the structure and components of the human skeleton, including vertebrae, skull, and appendicular skeleton. Explore the functions and characteristics of different bones and joints. Ideal for students studying anatomy and physiology.