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Questions and Answers
During endochondral ossification, the hyaline cartilage model is completely replaced by bone.
During endochondral ossification, the hyaline cartilage model is completely replaced by bone.
False (B)
The process of bone formation within a hyaline cartilage model is called ______ ossification.
The process of bone formation within a hyaline cartilage model is called ______ ossification.
endochondral
What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plates in long bones?
What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plates in long bones?
Match the following bone features with their respective locations:
Match the following bone features with their respective locations:
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What type of cartilage remains in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages after endochondral ossification is complete?
What type of cartilage remains in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages after endochondral ossification is complete?
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Which of the following is NOT a stage in the healing of a bone fracture?
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the healing of a bone fracture?
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The ______ is a large, flat bone that forms the anterior portion of the skull.
The ______ is a large, flat bone that forms the anterior portion of the skull.
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The sternum is divided into three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.
The sternum is divided into three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of cartilage found in the human body?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cartilage found in the human body?
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The pubic symphysis is an example of fibrocartilage.
The pubic symphysis is an example of fibrocartilage.
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What type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
What type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
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The knee joint contains ______ cartilage.
The knee joint contains ______ cartilage.
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Match the following skeletal components with their corresponding categories:
Match the following skeletal components with their corresponding categories:
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What is the primary function of the periosteum?
What is the primary function of the periosteum?
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Central canals (Haversian canals) contain blood vessels and nerves, which provide nutrients and communication pathways for osteocytes.
Central canals (Haversian canals) contain blood vessels and nerves, which provide nutrients and communication pathways for osteocytes.
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What is the primary function of osteocytes?
What is the primary function of osteocytes?
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The process of ______ ossification involves the formation of bone from a cartilage template.
The process of ______ ossification involves the formation of bone from a cartilage template.
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During endochondral ossification, where does the primary ossification center form?
During endochondral ossification, where does the primary ossification center form?
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Flashcards
Hyaline Cartilage Calcification
Hyaline Cartilage Calcification
The process where hyaline cartilage at the diaphysis becomes hard and transforms into bone.
Ossification Centers
Ossification Centers
Areas in the bone where bone tissue begins to form, typically in the diaphysis and epiphyses.
Spongy Bone
Spongy Bone
A type of bone that is lighter and has a porous structure, found in the epiphyses.
Epiphyseal Plates
Epiphyseal Plates
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Articular Cartilages
Articular Cartilages
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Stages of Bone Fracture Healing
Stages of Bone Fracture Healing
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Vertebral Anatomy
Vertebral Anatomy
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Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
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Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage
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Intervertebral Disc
Intervertebral Disc
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Pubic Symphysis
Pubic Symphysis
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Meniscus
Meniscus
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Hyaline Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
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Compact Bone
Compact Bone
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Haversian Canal
Haversian Canal
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Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
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Study Notes
Cartilages
- Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and menisci (knee joint).
Bones of the Skeleton
- The axial skeleton includes bones of the head, vertebral column, and thorax.
- The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs and girdles.
- Cartilages include hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilages.
Types of Bones
- Long bones (e.g., humerus) have a long shaft and expanded ends.
- Flat bones (e.g., sternum) are thin, flat, and somewhat curved.
- Short bones (e.g., talus) are roughly cube-shaped.
- Irregular bones (e.g., vertebra) have complex shapes.
Structure of a Long Bone
- Diaphysis: The long shaft of the bone.
- Epiphyses: The expanded end of a long bone.
- Articular cartilage: A layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis where the bone forms a joint.
- Periosteum: A tough connective tissue covering bone surfaces, except at articular cartilages.
- Compact bone: Dense outer layer of bone, strong and dense.
- Spongy bone: Porous inner layer of bone, with trabeculae.
- Medullary cavity: Central cavity within the diaphysis, filled with yellow bone marrow.
Bone Tissue
- Osteons/Haversian systems: Cylindrical units of compact bone.
- Lamellae: Rings of bone tissue surrounding the central canal in osteons.
- Central/Haversian canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves.
- Canaliculi: Tiny canals that connect lacunae, allowing communication between osteocytes.
- Lacunae: Small spaces in bone that contain osteocytes.
- Osteocytes:Mature bone cells.
- Perforating/Volkmann's canals: Canals that connect central canals and periosteum, allowing for vessels and nerves to pass through.
- Circumferential lamellae: Rings of bone tissue that run around the bone's outer surface.
Endochondral Ossification
- Bone formation begins in a hyaline cartilage model and follows a sequence of events, eventually replacing the cartilage with bone.
- The primary ossification center occurs at the center of the cartilage model.
- Secondary ossification centers occur at the epiphyses.
Bone Fracture Repair
- Four stages occur during bone fracture repair; hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.
- A hematoma is formed and then inflammation of the site begins
- A soft callus of cartilage and fibrous tissue forms and fills the gap.
- A hard callus of bone replaces the soft callus.
- Bone remodeling occurs, restoring the bone to its original shape and structure
Types of Fractures
- Closed fracture: the skin is intact
- Open fracture: skin is broken, exposing the fracture
- Greenstick fracture: incomplete fracture common in children
- Impacted fracture: the broken ends are forced into each other
- Comminuted fracture: the bone is broken into many fragments
- Spiral fracture: the bone has been twisted apart
- Transverse fracture: the break is at a right angle to the long axis of the bone
- Oblique fracture: not at a right angle to the long axis of the bone
Skull Bones
- Various bones form the skull; each serves a specific function
- Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, and palatine
Vertebrae
- Vertebral column consists of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.
- Characteristics include; superior articular facets, inferior articular facets, transverse processes, spinous processes, lamina, pedicle, vertebral body, and vertebral foramen.
Thoracic Cage
- Ribs (true, false, floating), sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process), intercostal spaces, costal cartilage, and costal margin form the thoracic cage.
Pectoral Girdle
- Clavicle and scapula.
Humerus
- Head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, anatomical neck, surgical neck, shaft, radial groove, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, capitulum, and trochlea.
Radius and Ulna
- Both radius and ulna are important forearm bones, with articular notches, heads, necks, radial tuberosity, and styloid processes.
Pelvic Girdle/Hip Girdle
- Coxal bones (illium, ischium, pubis) and sacrum are combined.
- Ilium, ischium, and pubis form the coxal bone
- Sacroiliac joint, acetabulum, pelvic brim, ischial spine, and iliac crest are parts of the pelvis.
Femur
- Femoral head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric line, intertrochanteric crest, linea aspera, medial and lateral supracondylar ridges, intercondylar fossa, lateral and medial condyles and patellar surface form the femur.
Tibia and Fibula
- Tibia and fibula form the lower leg.
- Articulations include superior tibiofibular joint, inferior tibiofibular joint, lateral and medial malleoli.
Sinuses of the Skull
- Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid are the main sinuses in the skull.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the human skeletal system covering types of bones, cartilage, and the structure of long bones. This quiz includes details on the axial and appendicular skeletons and the various bone types. Perfect for students learning about human anatomy.
