Human Skeletal System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of red bone marrow?

  • Facilitating joint movement
  • Producing RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets (correct)
  • Providing structural support to bones
  • Storing fat reserves

    • Where is yellow bone marrow primarily located?

  • In the skull bones
  • In the shafts of long bones (correct)
  • In the epiphyses of long bones
  • In the joints of the body

    • Which type of joint allows for the most movement?

  • Fibrous Joints
  • Synovial Joints (correct)
  • Cartilaginous Joints
  • Hinge Joints

    • What is a characteristic of fibrous joints?

    <p>They have no movement between the bones concerned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many joints are there in the human body?

    <p>230</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows movement primarily in one plane?

    <p>Hinge Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary movement at a pivotal joint?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint allows movement in two planes, back and forth and side-to-side?

    <p>Ellipsoid Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is described as having a ball-like structure fitting into a socket-like structure?

    <p>Ball and Socket Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is an example of a saddle joint?

    <p>The first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the skeletal system?

    <p>Producing blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes bones as opposed to cartilages?

    <p>Bones have a rich blood supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones are approximately in the human axial skeleton?

    <p>80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skeleton is responsible for protecting vital organs like the brain and heart?

    <p>Axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Facilitating body movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is primarily responsible for bone formation?

    <p>Osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is primarily stored in bones?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the periosteum?

    <p>It forms an envelope around the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do osteoblasts primarily do?

    <p>Produce new bone material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is left behind when bone is treated with hydrochloric acid?

    <p>Organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bone structures is NOT found in spongy bones?

    <p>Haversian systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the bone matrix primarily made of?

    <p>Ossein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue fills the bone marrow cavity?

    <p>Neurovascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is present outer to the bone marrow cavity?

    <p>Endosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the thin channels that connect osteocytes called?

    <p>Canaliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of ribs in humans?

    <p>24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ribs called that do not attach directly to the sternum?

    <p>False ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the sternum is the most superior?

    <p>Manubrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of bones in the upper limb of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ribs has no attachment to the sternum?

    <p>Floating ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structure of the shoulder girdle in domestic mammals?

    <p>Scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is NOT part of the lower limb appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phalanges are there in the lower limb of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows very slight movement?

    <p>Cartilaginous joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type is the most common and allows a wide range of motion?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fluid is secreted by the synovial membrane?

    <p>Synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ligaments in a synovial joint?

    <p>Support and stabilize the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of freely movable synovial joint?

    <p>Fixed joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gliding joints are characterized by which type of movement?

    <p>Back-and-forth and side-to-side movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type allows for rotation and is characterized by one bone fitting into a ring of another?

    <p>Pivotal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do bursae play in joints?

    <p>Provide cushioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Skeletal System

    • The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments, forming a strong and flexible framework.
    • Key functions include protecting vital internal organs, providing a structure for body movement via muscles, storing minerals, and producing blood cells in bone marrow.

    Bone

    • Bones are rigid, tough, and non-flexible.
    • They are composed of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, with an ostein protein matrix.
    • Bones have a rich blood supply.
    • Bone growth is bidirectional.
    • The main components of bone are CaCO3 and Ca3(PO4)2.

    Cartilage

    • Cartilage is flexible and elastic;
    • It's made up of chondrocytes and chondrin protein.
    • Cartilage lacks a rich blood supply.
    • Growth of cartilage is unidirectional.
    • A key component of cartilage is Ca3(PO4)2.
    • Articulating cartilages are found in joints.

    Skeletal System Types

    • The skeletal system is divided into two main portions:
      • Axial skeleton: Consists of 80 bones. Key parts include the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and the central nervous system (CNS)
      • Appendicular skeleton: Contains 126 bones and includes the upper and lower limbs (arms and legs). Important parts include the clavicles, scapulae, and pelvic girdle.

    Skull (29 Bones)

    • The skull comprises 14 facial bones and 8 cranial bones.
    • Additional 6 auditory ossicles are also part of the skull.
    • Specific examples of facial bones include nasal, frontal,lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal concha, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, vomer.
    • Specific examples of cranial bones include frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid. 
    • The hyoid bone is unique as it's the only bone not directly connected to other bones in the skull.

    Vertebral Column (26 Bones)

    • The vertebral column has 26 bones—24 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar), a sacrum (5 fused bones), and a coccyx (4 fused bones).
    • The vertebral formula is: C7 T12 L5 S(5)C(4).

    Ribs (24) + Sternum (1)

    • Humans typically have 12 pairs of ribs.
      • The first seven pairs are true ribs, directly connected to the sternum.
      • The eight, nine, and ten are false ribs.
      • The eleventh and twelfth ribs are floating ribs, not connected to the sternum.
    • The sternum is a flat bone located in the center of the chest (1 bone).

    Appendicular Skeleton (Upper Limb)

    • The upper limb has 30 bones each on both sides of the body:
      • 1 humerus
      • 1 radius and 1 ulna
      • 8 carpals
      • 5 metacarpals
      • 14 phalanges

    Appendicular Skeleton (Lower Limb)

    • The lower limb has 30 bones each on both sides of the body:
      • 1 femur
      • 1 tibia and 1 fibula
      • 7 tarsals
      • 5 metatarsals
      • 14 phalanges (5 each toe)

    Pelvic Bone

    • The pelvic bone connects the spine to the lower limbs, like a basin-shaped structure.

    Clavicle and Scapula

    • The clavicle (collarbone) is a rod-shaped bone in humans, but reduced in some mammals.
    • The scapula (shoulder blade) is a wide, flat, triangular bone, found in mammals.

    Types of Bones

    • Bones are categorized by shape:
      • Long bones (Femur, humerus, tibia)
      • Short bones (Carpals, tarsals)
      • Flat bones (Cranial bones, sternum, ribs)
      • Irregular bones (Vertebrae, hip bones)
      • Sesamoid bones (Patella)
      • Sutural bones (Small bones in cranial sutures).

    Bone Marrow

    • The bone marrow is a soft tissue found in the cavity of certain bones.
      • Red bone marrow produces red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
    • Yellow bone marrow is primarily made up of fat tissue. It can revert to red bone marrow under certain conditions.

    Characteristics of Bones

    • Bone is the strongest tissue in the body.
    • Organic compounds (mostly collagen) make up one-third of bone.
    • Inorganic compounds (mostly calcium phosphate) make up two-thirds of bone.

    Joints

    • Joints are the regions where two or more bones meet.
    • The main function of joints is to permit movement.
    • There are various types of joints:
    • Fibrous (immovable)
    • Cartilaginous (slightly movable)
    • Synovial (freely movable).
    •   Examples include gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.

    Synovial Joint Structure

    • Synovial joints have a fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane.
    • The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid for lubrication.
    • Ligaments strengthen the joint and tendons attach muscles to bones.

    Functional Classification of Synovial Joints

    •   Synovial joints are functionally classified based on the type and range of movement they allow: gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.

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    Human Skeletal System PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the human skeletal system, including the structure and function of bones and cartilage. It covers the composition of bones, the role of cartilage, and the different types of skeletal systems. Test your understanding of these essential components of human anatomy!

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