Podcast
Questions and Answers
At what ages does puberty typically begin for girls?
At what ages does puberty typically begin for girls?
- 10 to 14 years
- 8 to 13 years (correct)
- 6 to 10 years
- 12 to 16 years
What is the significance of sex steroids during puberty?
What is the significance of sex steroids during puberty?
- They promote weight gain in both sexes.
- They stimulate the gonads to secrete sex hormones. (correct)
- They inhibit growth and sexual maturation.
- They delay the onset of puberty.
Which of the following factors can cause a delay in puberty?
Which of the following factors can cause a delay in puberty?
- Under-nutrition (correct)
- Psychological stress
- Increased exercise
- Excessive sleep
How do psychological environments affect the timing of puberty in humans?
How do psychological environments affect the timing of puberty in humans?
What is a key characteristic of sexual dimorphism in humans during adolescence?
What is a key characteristic of sexual dimorphism in humans during adolescence?
What is the primary mating organization in polygynous species?
What is the primary mating organization in polygynous species?
Which social structure is usually associated with monogamous species?
Which social structure is usually associated with monogamous species?
In which species is sexual size dimorphism expected to be lowest?
In which species is sexual size dimorphism expected to be lowest?
What physiological advantage do males generally have over females in athletic competition?
What physiological advantage do males generally have over females in athletic competition?
What impact does lack of bone mass at age 20 have on individuals?
What impact does lack of bone mass at age 20 have on individuals?
Flashcards
Sexual Size Dimorphism
Sexual Size Dimorphism
Sexual size dimorphism is the difference in size between males and females of a species. It's a clue to understanding how a species organizes its mating relationships.
Promiscuous Mating System
Promiscuous Mating System
In promiscuous societies, females freely choose multiple mates without forming lasting bonds.
Polygynous Mating System
Polygynous Mating System
Polygynous societies are structured around one male having multiple females.
Monogamous Mating System
Monogamous Mating System
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Dimorphism and Mating Systems
Dimorphism and Mating Systems
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Puberty
Puberty
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Sexual Dimorphism
Sexual Dimorphism
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Sex Steroids
Sex Steroids
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Growth Spurt
Growth Spurt
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Study Notes
Adolescent Physical Development
- Physical growth is summarized as a key aspect of adolescence
- Puberty is described as a period of rapid growth and sexual maturation, starting between ages 8 and 13 for girls and 9 and 14 for boys.
- Sex steroids are identified as the hormones causing puberty.
- The growth process, according to the data, starts from the extremities towards the torso (distal-proximal development).
- Sex differences (sexual dimorphism) exist, with males typically being taller and heavier than females by age 18.
- The average American boy is 84% of adult height by age 12, while the average girl is 93% of adult height.
- Average height and weight of American adolescents is tracked for comparative analysis.
Adolescent Brain Development
- Brain maturation involves pruning of synaptic connections and strengthening of neural pathways.
- Cognitive efficiency increases throughout adolescence.
- Energy use by the adolescent brain is lower compared to childhood brains.
- Glucose is the primary energy source for adult brains, whereas adolescent brains also use ketones.
- Grey matter (clusters of cell bodies) and white matter (myelinated nerve fibers) play a role in this maturation process.
- Parts of the brain like parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes mature at different rates.
- Adolescent brain regions for reward and emotion develop earlier than rational thought regions.
- Development results in an imbalance between reason and emotion.
- Variations in brain size by sex exist, with male brains typically slightly larger (controlling for body size).
Adolescent Sleep Changes
- Increased brain efficiency leads to reduced need for deep sleep.
- Adenosine accumulation is partly responsible for the changes in sleep patterns.
- Sleep homeostasis and diurnal rhythms of hormones (like melatonin) affect sleep patterns in adolescents.
- Melatonin secretion is diminished in the evening, promoting later sleep onset.
Adolescent Nutrition
- Increased nutritional needs coincide with the rapid growth of adolescence.
- Iron and calcium requirements are crucial during this stage, especially for girls considering menstruation.
- Obesity and weight issues are prevalent during adolescence.
Adolescent Health Conditions
- Chronic conditions, such as asthma and musculoskeletal issues, are common.
- Mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts, are also prevalent.
- Acne is a frequent issue and can impact mental health.
- Death rates among adolescents are substantially higher compared to pre-puberty.
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