Human Rights Concepts and Expressions
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Questions and Answers

Only after WWII did human rights ______

rise

The UDHR was adopted in ______

1946

Eleanor Roosevelt served as the President of the ______

Commission

The 1945 adoption of the UN Charter marked a new phase in the conversation about ______

<p>human rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

The representatives in the Commission aimed to create a ______ declaration of human rights.

<p>universal</p> Signup and view all the answers

She helped create the ______ Watch

<p>Helsinki</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Belgrade follow-up managed to achieve ______ to improve human rights.

<p>nothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under Carter, the US placed great importance on ______ rights.

<p>human</p> Signup and view all the answers

Machiavelli believed that we should not fear things that aren't real, but rather focus on the things happening right in front of us, according to ______.

<p>Lucretus</p> Signup and view all the answers

One true innovative element of the Helsinki negotiations was ______ rights.

<p>human</p> Signup and view all the answers

EEC aimed to maintain its international role by giving ______ attention to human rights.

<p>less</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Locke opposed absolute monarchy and the Divine right of ______.

<p>Kings</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Locke, natural rights include life, liberty, and ______.

<p>property</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 18th century saw the idea that human rights should be ______.

<p>universal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The social contract implies that people can withdraw their consent from a government if their rights are not ______.

<p>guaranteed</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period referred to as the 'long 1970s' spans from 1968 to the end of the ______.

<p>1970s</p> Signup and view all the answers

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CPR) is associated with individual rights, while the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and ______ Rights (ECSR) addresses group rights.

<p>Cultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1968 movements involved civil movements for human rights in the ______, South, and East, each addressing different issues of the time.

<p>West</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1969, the case of Stauder v. City of Ulm clarified the protection of fundamental ______ within the European Economic Community.

<p>Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

The International Year for Human Rights in 1968 coincided with various movements, including the independence of former ______.

<p>Colonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Natural Rights (Locke)

Rights inherent to all individuals, including life, liberty, and property, which cannot be taken away by any government.

Social Contract

An agreement between individuals and the government, where individuals give up some rights in exchange for protection and order. If the government fails to uphold its end, individuals can withdraw their consent.

Division of Rights (Locke)

Locke distinguished between natural rights (inherent to all humans) and citizen rights (granted by the government). Only citizen rights should be given to the power.

18th Century Shift

The 18th century saw a new emphasis on universal human rights, individual autonomy, and government's role in protecting those rights. This was a significant departure from previous conceptions.

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Origin of Human Rights (Juliette's Argument)

Human rights aren't static, their meaning evolves. To understand their origin, look at the 1790s French Revolution, which emphasized universal human rights.

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The 'Rise' of Human Rights

The idea that human rights gained prominence and significance after World War II, particularly following the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime. Mazower argues that Europeans only discovered human rights after being subjected to oppression, necessitating the need for rights protection.

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End of the 'European Era'

World War II marked a turning point, ending the era of European dominance in world affairs. This shift in global power dynamics contributed to the emergence of human rights as a universal concern.

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Human Rights as a Universal Declaration

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in 1948, aiming to establish a common standard of achievement for all nations. While not legally binding, it represented a significant effort to articulate fundamental rights shared by humanity.

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The Role of NGOs

The emergence of human rights after World War II highlighted the increasing role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in advocating for and monitoring human rights violations.

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The Nature of Human Rights: Natural or Listed?

The UDHR raised questions about the nature of human rights: Are they inherent, natural rights, or do they require listing and enforcement? This debate continues today regarding the legitimacy and protection of human rights.

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Long 1970s

The period between 1968 and the early 1980s, a time marked by major global events like the Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam War, and social movements in Eastern Europe.

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UN Covenants (1966)

Two key international treaties that further specify human rights: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CPR) focusing on individual rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ECSR) focusing on group rights.

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Stauder v. City of Ulm (1969)

A landmark case in the European Court of Justice that declared fundamental human rights as an essential part of EU law. It involved a man who refused to identify himself to receive subsidized butter, arguing that this violated his privacy rights.

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Human Rights as Lingua Franca

Human rights became a common language for global moral thought in the 1970s, a universal framework for discussing ethical issues and promoting justice.

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1968: International Year for Human Rights

A significant year marked by global activism for human rights, with the UN hosting a conference in Tehran, Iran, symbolizing a potential bridge between the West, East, and South.

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Helsinki Accords and Human Rights

The Helsinki Accords, signed in 1975, included a section on human rights. However, the US, under Carter, actively emphasized human rights, making it a key part of their foreign policy. This contrasted with the European Economic Community (EEC) who prioritized international relations with the Soviet Union over human rights.

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Belgrade Follow-up (1977)

The Belgrade Follow-up, a meeting to review progress made on the Helsinki Accords, resulted in little to no improvement on human rights. European countries, seeking better relations with the Soviet Union, chose to downplay human rights concerns. This was opposite to the US's approach, which focused on human rights as a core aspect of their foreign policy.

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Human Rights and EEC Development Policy

The EEC (European Economic Community) during the 1970s saw a shift in its approach to development policy. The EEC initially considered human rights, but later prioritized economic and political relationships with developing countries, sometimes at the expense of human rights concerns.

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ESC Rights: Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

ESCR includes rights related to basic needs and social well-being like: adequate housing, education, health, social security, cultural participation, water, sanitation, and the right to work.

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Human Rights as a Tool, not a Goal

The Helsinki Accords introduced the concept of human rights, but it was primarily used as a tool in international relations, rather than a primary goal in itself. The US used human rights to promote its own foreign policy, while the EEC prioritized international relationships. This highlights the complex interplay between human rights and power dynamics in international politics.

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Study Notes

Human Rights

  • Human rights pertain to the protections and rights established by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
  • The UDHR is a comprehensive document recognized worldwide, defining human rights.
  • Human rights are dynamic; concepts and scope evolve over time (e.g., the right to a healthy environment).
  • Disagreements exist over the definition of basic rights vs. human rights.
  • Basic rights are crucial for human life (e.g., sustenance, water).
  • Conflicts exist between special interest and common interest in human rights.
  • Political tools and Western economic imperialism are associated with controversies over human rights.
  • The Council of Europe upholds human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe.

Ancient Greece

  • The play Antigone demonstrates the concept of human rights.
  • Antigone defied King Creon upholding her belief in a higher moral law.
  • The play highlights the conflict between state authority and individual rights.

Ancient Rome

  • Human dignity is a core concept.
  • No significant legal protections for slaves.

Christianity

  • Differentiates between natural and positive rights.
  • Early influence of Christianity on legal structures.

Middle Ages

  • Magna Carta (1215) granted limited rights to free men.
  • The rediscovery of classical humanism during the Renaissance.
  • Catholic Church influence.

Thomas Hobbes

  • Believed humans are inherently self-interested.
  • Advocated for a powerful sovereign (Leviathan).
  • Humans need laws to ensure civil society.

Niccolo Machiavelli

  • Emphasized political realism.
  • Focused on state stability, arguing that it may require actions going against traditional morality.

John Locke

  • Argued for natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
  • Stressed the concept of consent to be governed.
  • Distinguishes citizen vs individual rights.

18th Century

  • The French Revolution promoted individual rights, liberty, and equality.
  • New conceptions of individual autonomy and government.
  • Significant development in human rights theory and practice.
  • Era of revolutions, rights, and challenges
  • Cesare Beccaria's work on crime and punishment.

19th Century

  • The concept of individual rights and their importance.
  • Development and advancement of individual rights.
  • Rise of groups and international relations regarding human rights.
  • Abolitionist movement, for the abolition of slavery.

20th Century

  • The importance of human rights took center stage.
  • Understanding human rights issues.
  • International organizations (e.g., the League of Nations) play a role in promoting human rights, though initially focused on international stability not individual rights.

Human Rights and the 20th Century

  • The UN Charter was signed, formalizing human rights as a priority in international affairs
  • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was established in 1948 as a milestone document.

Human Rights in Europe

  • Early development linked to individual rights, which are different from the concepts of group rights.
  • The European Convention on Human Rights was created, providing further protection for individual rights.
  • The development of European human rights mechanisms and jurisprudence through the European Court of Human Rights.
  • The European Union has further consolidated human rights protection mechanisms.
  • Key cases (e.g., Stauder v. City of Ulm) established the foundation for EU protection of human rights.

Transatlantic Relations

  • The 1970s saw changing relations between the US and the EU.
  • Helsinki Accords and human rights.
  • The Copenhagen Declaration (1973).

Human Rights and the North-South Relations

  • Development of human rights during the 1970s regarding relations between North and South.
  • EEC policy on development assistance.
  • Important milestones (e.g., Paris and Tehran conferences surrounding Human Rights.
  • Definitions of economic and social rights were further developed at the EEC level.

EU Internal Policy

  • EU's legal framework for the protection of human rights.
  • The role of the European Court of Justice, for the protection of human rights, and its impact worldwide.
  • Development and expansion of EU's internal policies.

EU External Policy

  • EU's external policies regarding human rights with regard to enlargement and neighborhood countries.
  • Human rights issues in enlargement of the EU.
  • Challenges in implementing external policies regarding human rights.

Conclusion

  • Human rights continue to evolve, as social norms, contexts evolve
  • Both internal and external EU policies regarding human rights have been developing throughout time.

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Human Rights in Europe, Past and Present PDF

Description

Explore the vital concepts of human rights as established by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This quiz examines the evolution of human rights from historical perspectives, including examples from Ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing the dynamic nature of these rights and the tensions between individual freedoms and state authority.

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