Human Rights and NGO Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is one aspect that critics question about the universality of human rights?

  • They argue that human rights are universally accepted by all cultures.
  • They claim it has been largely influenced by a few Western nations. (correct)
  • They feel that human rights law is static and does not evolve.
  • They believe the focus is too much on economic rights only.

How does the classification of NGOs differ in terms of operational activity?

  • Operational NGOs design and implement programs. (correct)
  • Advocacy NGOs focus on providing humanitarian aid directly.
  • Operational NGOs primarily focus on advocacy work.
  • Advocacy NGOs are involved in direct project implementation.

What future right might be recognized alongside existing human rights?

  • The right to corporate representation.
  • The right to access the internet. (correct)
  • The right to a fair trial.
  • The right to choose a government.

Which type of NGO is primarily involved in humanitarianism and development aid?

<p>Operational NGOs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between top-down and participatory approaches in NGO activities?

<p>Top-down approaches typically have limited beneficiary involvement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one main criticism faced by NGOs like Oxfam?

<p>They have been accused of misusing funds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Greenpeace in terms of funding?

<p>It avoids corporate funding to maintain independence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding NGO salaries is accurate?

<p>NGO employees earn 11-12% less than similarly qualified workers elsewhere. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary mission of Oxfam when it was founded?

<p>To fight against poverty and famine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event is associated with Greenpeace in 1985?

<p>The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accusations has been directed at NGOs like the WWF?

<p>They have faced accusations of greenwashing and human rights violations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The budget for the Office of Refugee Resettlement has changed from 1.8 billion to what amount by 2022?

<p>6.3 billion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was founded in 1961 to protect nature and wildlife?

<p>WWF (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

NGOs (Non-governmental Organizations)

Organizations that are independent from governments, nonprofit, and active in humanitarianism or advocacy. They may receive government funding and can also represent corporate interests.

Operational NGOs

NGOs that focus on directly implementing projects and providing aid, often working directly with communities.

Advocacy NGOs

NGOs that champion specific causes, raise awareness, and try to influence government policies.

Charity

A top-down approach to aid where beneficiaries have limited participation.

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Participatory development

A bottom-up approach to development where communities actively participate and contribute.

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NGO Funding

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) often receive funding from various sources, including private donations, corporate sponsorships, grants from international institutions, and national governments. This diverse funding model allows NGOs to pursue their missions.

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NGO Funding Independence

Some NGOs, particularly those promoting ethical and environmental causes, avoid accepting funding from governments or international governmental organizations (IGOs). This decision is made to maintain independence and ensure their work isn't influenced by political agendas.

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NGO Staff

NGOs often rely on paid staff to carry out their projects and manage operations. The compensation for NGO workers is often lower compared to similar positions in for-profit organizations or government agencies.

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Greenpeace

Greenpeace, a well-known environmental organization, is known for its commitment to environmental sustainability and protection of nature. They've achieved significant milestones in combating pollution and safeguarding ecosystems through various campaigns.

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Greenpeace Funding Structure

Greenpeace's funding structure prioritizes avoiding corporate sponsorships. This approach aims to ensure their actions remain independent from potential corporate influences.

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Oxfam Controversy

Oxfam, a global organization dedicated to alleviating poverty and hunger, has faced criticism for alleged misuse of funds, particularly involving inappropriate conduct by some staff members in the past. This raised concerns about accountability and ethical behavior within the organization.

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WWF Criticism

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), a prominent conservation organization, has been criticized for allegations of human rights violations and greenwashing. Greenwashing refers to promoting environmentally friendly practices while engaging in activities that are potentially harmful to the environment. The WWF's focus on protecting nature and addressing climate change through conservation efforts has also been questioned.

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Study Notes

Human Rights Universality

  • Critics argue the development of human rights is skewed towards Western nations, prioritizing individual rights over collective ones.
  • Human rights law is dynamic and evolving, potentially including rights to democracy, development, internet access, and digital privacy.
  • The UN cannot enforce human rights violations or compel compensation for victims.

NGOs: Overview

  • Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are independent from governments, often involved in humanitarian efforts, but can sometimes receive government funding.
  • Some NGOs are also lobby groups for corporations.
  • NGOs have gained significant influence globally, especially in the 20th century, as globalization progressed. They were instrumental in the anti-slavery and women's suffrage movements.
  • The World Bank categorizes NGO activity into operational and advocacy NGOs. Operational NGOs design and implement projects; advocacy NGOs promote a cause and gain media attention to influence policy.

NGOs: Levels and Types

  • NGOs operate on various scales, from local to international.
  • Charity NGOs often operate in a top-down manner, with minimal beneficiary input.
  • Participatory NGOs encourage local involvement in projects.
  • Empowerment NGOs aim to help impoverished communities understand and control factors that affect their lives.
  • Professional NGOs group individuals with shared interests (sports, culture).

NGOs: Funding and Staff

  • NGOs are frequently supported by donations, grants from corporations, private individuals, international organizations, and/or national governments.
  • Some NGOs, like Greenpeace, avoid funding by governments and international organizations.
  • NGO employees often earn 11-12% less on average than comparable employees in for-profit businesses or government organizations.
  • NGOs may employ international or local staff in developing countries.
  • NGOs often rely on unpaid volunteers.

NGOs: Purposes and Missions

  • NGOs focus on humanitarian aid, sustainable development, and addressing global issues like climate change and poverty.
  • Many NGOs, however, are accused of human rights violations, and accusations of "greenwashing" are common.

Specific NGOS

  • Oxfam: Founded in 1942, works to combat poverty and famine, experienced criticism for alleged inappropriate behavior.
  • WWF: Founded in 1961, dedicated to protecting nature and wildlife, but has faced accusations of human rights violations.
  • Greenpeace: Founded in 1971, advocates for environmental sustainability, known for successful campaigns, such as stopping illegal fishing.

NGOs and Funding

  • The UN Refugee Agency's budget has increased from $1.8 billion in 2018 to $6.3 billion in 2022.
  • The Criticism of the salaries of CEO's of many NGOs.

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