Human Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What role does surfactant play in the alveoli during expiration?

  • Facilitates the entry of oxygen into the blood
  • Promotes alveolar expansion during inspiration
  • Prevents complete collapse of the alveoli (correct)
  • Increases gas exchange efficiency

    • Positive pressure ventilation requires less air than normal breathing to achieve similar effects.

    False

    What is the primary function of the diaphragm during normal ventilation?

    To contract and create negative pressure in the chest cavity.

    The process of increasing overall intrathoracic pressure is characteristic of __________ ventilation.

    <p>positive pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of ventilation with their characteristics:

    <p>Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) = Mechanical ventilation without an artificial airway Invasive Ventilation (IV) = Life support with an artificial airway Positive Pressure Ventilation = Forces air into the chest cavity Normal Ventilation = Diaphragm contraction creates negative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result from ventilation that inactivates pulmonary surfactant?

    <p>Alveolar collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac output is determined only by stroke volume.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one indication for artificial ventilation.

    <p>Altered mental status or inadequate minute volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ventilation that is too forceful can cause __________ distention.

    <p>gastric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general therapeutic range of pressure for CPAP?

    <p>5 to 10 cm H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients using CPAP can never feel claustrophobic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored continuously when using CPAP?

    <p>available oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pressure for CPAP should begin at _____ cm H2O and can be increased in steps of 2 cm H2O.

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their relevance to CPAP usage:

    <p>Facial trauma = Unable to use CPAP mask Respiratory arrest = Requires immediate support GI bleeding = Demands careful monitoring Tracheostomy = May complicate CPAP application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications can arise from high volume pressure during CPAP therapy?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a neuromuscular problem that can affect respiration?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tidal volume refers to the pressure delivered to the lungs during ventilation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one primary type of ventilator currently in use.

    <p>Pressure cycled, Time cycled, or Volume cycled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The usual respiratory rate (RR) set on a ventilator is between _____ to _____ breaths per minute.

    <p>4, 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ventilator settings with their functions:

    <p>Respiratory Rate = Number of breaths delivered per minute Tidal Volume = Volume of gas delivered during each breath FiO2 = Amount of oxygen delivered to the patient Pressure Limit = Maximum pressure used to deliver breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the I:E ratio in ventilator settings?

    <p>It compares the length of inspiration to the length of expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PEEP refers to the fraction of inspired oxygen delivered by the ventilator.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of FiO2 usually set on a ventilator?

    <p>21% to 100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A reduction in the ability to exchange gases can occur due to _____, among other conditions.

    <p>pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a pressure-cycled ventilator?

    <p>Flow is shut off when a preset pressure is reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)?

    <p>To improve oxygenation through positive pressure during ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High-frequency ventilation delivers gas at a rate of 60-100 breaths per minute.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be available in case the ventilator malfunctions?

    <p>bag-mask device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pressure relief valve can lead to __________.

    <p>hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods can prevent the need for intubation?

    <p>CPAP and BiPAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of the bag-mask device is to provide continuous positive pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does BiPAP stand for?

    <p>Biphasic Positive Airway Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CPAP consists of a flow generator that pushes positive pressure into a tube that connects to a __________.

    <p>mask</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>CPAP = Increases gas exchange BiPAP = Two levels of pressure High-Frequency Ventilation = Delivers rapid breaths Tidal Volume = Volume of air delivered per breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of maintaining positive intra-alveolar pressure?

    <p>It prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)?

    <p>To assist with oxygenation by opening collapsed alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Assist-Control Ventilation (A/C) is used primarily for apneic patients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mode of ventilation delivers breaths synchronized with the patient's respiratory efforts?

    <p>Synchronous Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constant Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is primarily used with __________ breathing patients.

    <p>spontaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ventilation modes with their clinical uses:

    <p>Control Ventilation (CV) = Used for apneic patients Assist-Control Ventilation (A/C) = Used for patients with weakened respiratory muscles Synchronous Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV) = Used to wean patients from mechanical ventilation Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) = Reduces work of breathing during weaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of ventilation uses preset pressure to assist the patient's inspiratory effort?

    <p>Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Independent Lung Ventilation is used for patients with bilateral lung issues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Control Ventilation (CV)?

    <p>Delivers preset volume or pressure regardless of patient's inspiratory efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mode that provides positive pressure applied at the end of expiration is called __________.

    <p>Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ventilation modes with their characteristics:

    <p>Control Ventilation (CV) = Preset volume or pressure delivery Assist-Control Ventilation (A/C) = Breath delivered based on patient effort Synchronous Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV) = Breath synchronized with patient's effort Constant Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) = Maintains constant airway pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Mechanics and Gas Exchange

    • Inspiration causes alveoli to expand, allowing air entry for gas exchange with blood through alveolar walls.
    • During expiration, alveoli contract but do not fully collapse due to surfactant, which reduces surface tension.
    • Ventilation can inactivate surfactant, leading to alveolar collapse and reduced gas exchange efficiency.
    • Positive pressure ventilation can increase intrathoracic pressure, decreasing blood flow and potentially impairing cardiac output.

    Types of Ventilation

    • Normal ventilation relies on diaphragm contraction and creates negative pressure to draw air in.
    • Positive pressure ventilation artificially forces air into the chest, requiring more air for the same effects as normal breathing.
    • Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) delivers mechanical ventilation without the need for an artificial airway.
    • Invasive Ventilation (IV) employs an artificial airway to support or replace normal respiratory function.

    Indications for Artificial Ventilation

    • Signs warranting intervention include altered mental status and inadequate minute volume.
    • Objective of artificial ventilation: relieve symptoms, reduce work of breathing, stabilize gas exchange, enhance quality of life, and improve survival.

    Categories of Pulmonary Problems

    • Central nervous system issues decrease the drive to breathe (e.g., cerebrovascular accident).
    • Neuromuscular disorders impair respiratory muscles (e.g., multiple sclerosis).
    • Musculoskeletal/Pleural dysfunctions can hinder proper breathing (e.g., flail chest).
    • Airway issues (e.g., asthma) impact airflow.
    • Gas exchange reduction (e.g., pneumonia) diminishes oxygen availability.

    Ventilator Settings and Functions

    • Key settings include Tidal Volume, Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP), Mode, Rate, and Fractional Inspired Oxygen (FiO2).
    • Three types of ventilators: pressure-cycled (limited by pressure), time-cycled (limited by time), and volume-cycled (limited by volume delivered).

    Common Modes of Ventilation

    • Control Ventilation (CV): Delivers preset breaths regardless of patient effort, used for apneic patients.
    • Assist-Control Ventilation (A/C): Provides breaths in response to patient efforts but can deliver if no effort is detected.
    • Synchronous Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV): Allows patient-initiated breaths while providing preset ventilator breaths.
    • Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV): Augments patient breaths, reducing breathing work.
    • Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP): Maintains positive airway pressure to improve oxygenation.

    Use of CPAP and BiPAP

    • CPAP and BiPAP help improve oxygenation, reduce breathing effort, prevent atelectasis, and facilitate medication delivery.
    • CPAP devices use a flow generator to create positive pressure, keeping airways open and enhancing gas exchange.

    Considerations for CPAP Use

    • Contraindications include facial trauma, altered mental state, respiratory failure, and inability to tolerate masks.
    • Potential side effects: pneumothorax from high pressure, hypotension, skin irritation, nasal congestion, and sore throat.

    Guidelines and Monitoring

    • Establish clear communication with patients to reduce anxiety and ensure understanding of the procedure.
    • Begin CPAP at a therapeutic pressure range (5-10 cm H2O) and monitor oxygen levels continuously.
    • Use PEEP valves to enhance expiratory pressure and optimize treatment effectiveness.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the mechanics of the human respiratory system, focusing on the role of alveoli in gas exchange and the influence of surfactant. Test your knowledge on how ventilation affects pulmonary function and alveolar dynamics. Perfect for students of biology and medicine.

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