Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nasal cavity in the respiratory system?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nasal cavity in the respiratory system?
- To provide structural support to the upper respiratory tract.
- To produce vocal sounds through the vibration of vocal cords.
- To filter, warm, and humidify incoming air. (correct)
- To facilitate gas exchange between the air and the bloodstream.
How do the C-shaped cartilage bands that strengthen the trachea contribute to its function?
How do the C-shaped cartilage bands that strengthen the trachea contribute to its function?
- They prevent the trachea from collapsing, ensuring an open airway. (correct)
- They facilitate the expansion of the trachea during exhalation.
- They promote the efficient exchange of gases across the tracheal lining.
- They enhance the production of mucus within the trachea.
What is the primary function of the epiglottis during the swallowing process?
What is the primary function of the epiglottis during the swallowing process?
- To facilitate the production of vocal sounds.
- To ensure the trachea remains open for continuous breathing.
- To prevent food and liquids from entering the trachea. (correct)
- To direct air into the esophagus for proper digestion.
How does the structure of the bronchioles support their function in the respiratory system?
How does the structure of the bronchioles support their function in the respiratory system?
In which zone of the respiratory system does gas exchange primarily occur?
In which zone of the respiratory system does gas exchange primarily occur?
What role do the ciliated, mucus-secreting epithelium play in the conduction zone of the respiratory system?
What role do the ciliated, mucus-secreting epithelium play in the conduction zone of the respiratory system?
How does the presence of white blood cells (WBCs) in alveoli contribute to respiratory defense?
How does the presence of white blood cells (WBCs) in alveoli contribute to respiratory defense?
What is the main function of the phospholipid surfactant in the alveoli?
What is the main function of the phospholipid surfactant in the alveoli?
What barrier must oxygen and carbon dioxide cross during gas exchange in the lungs?
What barrier must oxygen and carbon dioxide cross during gas exchange in the lungs?
Which of the following is an accurate description of the roles of the conduction and respiration zones in the respiratory system?
Which of the following is an accurate description of the roles of the conduction and respiration zones in the respiratory system?
According to Boyle's law, how does the volume of the lungs relate to the pressure within the lungs?
According to Boyle's law, how does the volume of the lungs relate to the pressure within the lungs?
What event directly leads to a decrease in pressure within the lungs during inspiration?
What event directly leads to a decrease in pressure within the lungs during inspiration?
What muscular actions cause the ribcage to expand and move up during inspiration?
What muscular actions cause the ribcage to expand and move up during inspiration?
During expiration, what happens to the diaphragm and the volume of the chest cavity?
During expiration, what happens to the diaphragm and the volume of the chest cavity?
How does the percentage of inhaled air that reaches the lungs compare to the volume of air exhaled during respiration?
How does the percentage of inhaled air that reaches the lungs compare to the volume of air exhaled during respiration?
Which of the following factors influences lung volume?
Which of the following factors influences lung volume?
How is respiratory rate typically measured?
How is respiratory rate typically measured?
What is the typical average range for the number of breaths per minute in a healthy adult at rest?
What is the typical average range for the number of breaths per minute in a healthy adult at rest?
What is the definition of tidal volume in the context of lung volumes?
What is the definition of tidal volume in the context of lung volumes?
During normal, quiet breathing, which process is considered active?
During normal, quiet breathing, which process is considered active?
Flashcards
Nasal cavity function
Nasal cavity function
Moistens and warms air entering through nostrils; hairs trap and filter particles.
Pharynx function
Pharynx function
Where air from the mouth enters; intersection where food and air meet.
Larynx function
Larynx function
Short air passageway between the glottis and the upper end of the trachea. Important for vocal communication.
Trachea Characteristics
Trachea Characteristics
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Lungs Structure
Lungs Structure
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Alveoli Function
Alveoli Function
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Respiratory Membrane
Respiratory Membrane
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Conduction Zone
Conduction Zone
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Respiration Zone
Respiration Zone
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Negative Pressure Breathing
Negative Pressure Breathing
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Gas Exchange Variation
Gas Exchange Variation
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Inspiration Mechanics
Inspiration Mechanics
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Expiration Mechanics
Expiration Mechanics
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Tidal Volume
Tidal Volume
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Vital Capacity
Vital Capacity
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Residual Volume
Residual Volume
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Lung Volume Factors
Lung Volume Factors
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Lung Volume
Lung Volume
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Lung Capacity
Lung Capacity
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Air Pressure Control
Air Pressure Control
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Study Notes
Human Respiratory System
- The parts of the human respiratory system are identified and described, including their functions
- This system is divided into the conduction zone and the respiration zone
Respiratory System
- Nasal cavity moistens and warms air through nostrils, which are bordered by hairs that trap and filter particles
- Pharynx is where air from mouth enters, and it is an intersection for food and air
- Larynx is a short air passageway between the glottis and the upper end of the trachea
- Larynx involved in vocal communication
- During swallowing, larynx moves upward and tips the epiglottis over the glottis to prevent choking
- Glottis remains open for continuous breathing, except during swallowing
- Trachea is in front of the esophagus, extending into the thorax
- The trachea's walls are lined with ciliated epithelium and strengthened by C-shaped cartilage to prevent collapsing
- Bronchioles are smaller branches where cartilage is gradually lost, and their diameter decreases
Conduction Zone
- Includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
- The path for air to enter and exit the lungs
- It's lined with ciliated, mucus-secreting epithelium, which traps and removes dust and pathogens from inhaled air
Respiration Zone
- Is where gas exchange takes place
- Includes the human lungs, lobes, bronchus, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Lungs
- The right has three lobes
- The left has two lobes
- Alveoli, or air sacs, are the site of gas exchange
Alveolus
- It has no cilia and is highly susceptible to outside particles
- It contains WBCs that engulf pathogens
- Excess pathogens cause inflammation
- The walls of the smallest bronchioles lacks cartilage
- It has a large amount of smooth muscle
- Phospholipid surfactant prevents inward recoiling/deflating after expiration
Respiratory Membrane
- Respiratory membrane is a layer between endothelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells, and the basement membrane
- Gases move freely across the membrane
- Oxygen diffuses into capillaries, and carbon dioxide moves into alveoli
Key Concepts
- The system is divided into the conduction zone and the respiration zone
- The conduction zone functions as a passageway for air in the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
- Respiration zone is where gas exchange occurs
Inspiration and Expiration
- Trace the pathway of air through the human respiratory tract
- Discuss the process of expiration and inspiration
Negative Pressure Breathing
- Air is pulled into the lungs
- Boyle’s Law (Gas Laws) explain this
- Always at Constant temperature
Inspiration Process
- External intercostal muscles contract, causing the ribcage to expand and move up
- The diaphragm contracts and moves downward
- increased volume of the thoracic cavity, leading to expansion of the lungs
- This decreases pressure within the lungs and air flows in
Expiration Process
- The external intercostal muscles relax
- Ribcage moves down
- The diaphragm relaxes and moves up
Volume of Gases
- The volume of gases exchanged during inspiration & expiration may vary depending on demands of body, whether sitting or exercising
- Spirometry measures how much air an individual inhales/exhales
- 70% of inhaled air reaches the lungs
Lung Volume Factors
- Factors affecting lung volume sex, height, smoking, physical activity, and altitude
- Respiratory Rate (RR) or Ventilation Rate measure in breaths/minute and the average is 8-16 breaths/minute at rest
Tidal Volume
- It is the volume of air inhaled & exhaled with each breath averaging 500 mL in resting adults
Vital Capacity
- It is the maximum volume inhaled & exhaled during forced breathing and it ranges from 3.4 - 4.8 L for college-age adults
Residual Volume
- Air left in alveoli after forced exhalation
- It increases with age, at the expense of vital capacity
Overview of Lung Function
- Normal inhale and exhale results in Tidal Volume
- Forced inhale and forced exhale increases Vital Capacity
- Normal breathing, but with forced inhale increases IRV
- Normal breathing, but with forced exhale increases ERV
Function Summary
- Diaphragm and intercostal muscles change the air pressure in the lungs
- During normal/quiet breathing, inspiration uses an active process, but expiration uses a passive process
- Lung volume is the amount of gas in the lungs and capacity is the summation of the volumes
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