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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the seminiferous tubules within the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the seminiferous tubules within the male reproductive system?
Which structure is responsible for enclosing the testes in the male reproductive system?
Which structure is responsible for enclosing the testes in the male reproductive system?
What is the role of fimbriae in the female reproductive system?
What is the role of fimbriae in the female reproductive system?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the male accessory ducts?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the male accessory ducts?
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What is the function of the cervix within the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the cervix within the female reproductive system?
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Which structure in the female reproductive system is also referred to as the womb?
Which structure in the female reproductive system is also referred to as the womb?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the female external genitalia?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the female external genitalia?
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What is the primary role of the male reproductive system?
What is the primary role of the male reproductive system?
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What process involves the formation of male and female gametes in the respective reproductive organs?
What process involves the formation of male and female gametes in the respective reproductive organs?
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What initiates spermatogenesis at puberty?
What initiates spermatogenesis at puberty?
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Which type of gametogenesis occurs in males?
Which type of gametogenesis occurs in males?
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Which hormone acts on Leydig cells to stimulate the secretion of androgens during spermatogenesis?
Which hormone acts on Leydig cells to stimulate the secretion of androgens during spermatogenesis?
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What are the immature male germ cells that multiply by mitotic division called?
What are the immature male germ cells that multiply by mitotic division called?
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What transformation occurs to spermatids to become mature spermatozoa?
What transformation occurs to spermatids to become mature spermatozoa?
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What is the final result of spermatogenesis after a series of meiotic divisions?
What is the final result of spermatogenesis after a series of meiotic divisions?
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Which hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to aid in spermiogenesis?
Which hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to aid in spermiogenesis?
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What structure covers the anterior portion of the sperm head?
What structure covers the anterior portion of the sperm head?
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How many primary follicles are typically left in each ovary at puberty?
How many primary follicles are typically left in each ovary at puberty?
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What triggers the transformation of primary follicles into secondary follicles?
What triggers the transformation of primary follicles into secondary follicles?
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During the process of oogenesis, what phase do primary oocytes become arrested in?
During the process of oogenesis, what phase do primary oocytes become arrested in?
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What is the main function of the middle piece of the sperm?
What is the main function of the middle piece of the sperm?
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What is the term for the mature follicle that releases the ovum during ovulation?
What is the term for the mature follicle that releases the ovum during ovulation?
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What is the role of androgen hormones in male reproductive organs?
What is the role of androgen hormones in male reproductive organs?
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What component, along with sperms, constitutes semen in males?
What component, along with sperms, constitutes semen in males?
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What phase of the menstrual cycle is primarily associated with the increased production of progesterone?
What phase of the menstrual cycle is primarily associated with the increased production of progesterone?
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Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone?
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Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?
Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?
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What is the role of hyaluronidase during fertilization?
What is the role of hyaluronidase during fertilization?
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What immediate reaction occurs in the ovum after a sperm successfully penetrates?
What immediate reaction occurs in the ovum after a sperm successfully penetrates?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the acrosome reaction in sperm?
Which of the following is NOT part of the acrosome reaction in sperm?
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Which hormone primarily promotes the thickening of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
Which hormone primarily promotes the thickening of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
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What is the elevated structure formed after the cortical reaction that prevents further sperm entry called?
What is the elevated structure formed after the cortical reaction that prevents further sperm entry called?
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What occurs if polyspermy happens during fertilization?
What occurs if polyspermy happens during fertilization?
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What is the term for the structure formed by 8 to 16 blastomeres?
What is the term for the structure formed by 8 to 16 blastomeres?
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What is the function of the trophoblast after implantation?
What is the function of the trophoblast after implantation?
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Which hormones are produced by the placenta during pregnancy?
Which hormones are produced by the placenta during pregnancy?
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Which layers differentiate from the inner cell mass after implantation?
Which layers differentiate from the inner cell mass after implantation?
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When is the embryo's heart typically formed during pregnancy?
When is the embryo's heart typically formed during pregnancy?
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At what stage of development are major organs and external genitalia well developed?
At what stage of development are major organs and external genitalia well developed?
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What develops into the placenta after implantation?
What develops into the placenta after implantation?
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Study Notes
Male Reproductive System
- Located in the pelvic region, consists of testes, accessory glands, ducts, and external genitalia.
- Testes are enclosed in the scrotum, positioned outside the abdominal cavity for thermoregulation.
- Each testis contains approximately 250 lobules with 1-3 seminiferous tubules where sperm is produced.
- Tubule linings have two cell types: male germ cells and Sertoli cells; Leydig cells and blood vessels are found in external spaces.
- Accessory ducts include rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis, and vas deferens.
- The urethra opens at the urethral meatus; the penis is covered by a loose foreskin.
Female Reproductive System
- Comprises internal and external reproductive organs, including ovaries, oviducts, cervix, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia.
- Functions include ovulation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth, along with mammary glands.
- Accessory ducts consist of oviducts, vagina, and uterus; oviducts have a funnel-shaped infundibulum with fimbriae for ovum capture.
- The uterus (womb) has a cervical canal leading into the vagina.
- External genitalia include mons pubis, labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, and hymen.
Gametogenesis
- Formation of male (spermatogenesis) and female (oogenesis) gametes occurs in testes and ovaries.
Spermatogenesis
- Initiated at puberty; spermatogonia (46 chromosomes) undergo mitosis to multiply and differentiate.
- Primary spermatocytes undergo two meiotic divisions to form secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes), then spermatids, and finally mature spermatozoa in a process called spermiogenesis.
- Sperm heads remain in Sertoli cells and are released during spermiation.
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary hormones LH and FSH.
- LH prompts Leydig cells to produce androgens; FSH supports Sertoli cells for spermiogenesis.
Structure of Sperm
- Comprises a head, neck, middle piece, and tail; the head contains a haploid nucleus and acrosome.
- Human males can ejaculate approximately 200-300 million sperm during intercourse; seminal plasma mixed with sperm forms semen.
Oogenesis
- Begins in embryonic development, where millions of ogonia form in fetal ovaries.
- Primary oocytes (arrested in prophase I of meiosis) are surrounded by granulosa cells forming primary follicles.
- At puberty, primary follicles grow into secondary and tertiary follicles with fluid-filled antrum, leading to the Graafian follicle which releases secondary oocytes during ovulation.
Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
- FSH stimulates estrogen production from ovarian follicles; LH triggers progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum.
- Menstrual phase correlates with high estrogen levels; ovulation is induced by an LH surge.
Fertilization and Implantation
- Occurs when sperm fuses with the ovum in the ampullary-isthmic junction following intercourse.
- Acrosome reaction enables sperm to penetrate the ovum’s protective layers.
- The cortical reaction prevents polyspermy by elevating the vitelline membrane after sperm entry.
Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
- The trophoblast forms chorionic villi interacting with the uterine wall, establishing the placenta via umbilical cord for nutrient and oxygen transport.
- Hormones like hCG, hPL, and relaxin are secreted by the placenta during pregnancy.
- The inner cell mass differentiates into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, establishing foundational tissues and organs.
- Critical developmental milestones: heart by one month, limbs by two months, and all major organs by the end of three months.
- Fetal movements observed after approximately five months; development is complete by the nine-month mark.
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Description
This quiz covers the key components of the male and female reproductive systems, highlighting their structures, functions, and anatomical features. Explore the intricacies of testes, ovaries, and accessory organs essential for reproduction.
