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The human reproductive system produces, stores, nourishes, and transports functional male and female reproductive cells called:
The human reproductive system produces, stores, nourishes, and transports functional male and female reproductive cells called:
Fertilization, also known as conception, is where a male gamete and a female gamete:
Fertilization, also known as conception, is where a male gamete and a female gamete:
A _____________ is the term used for the single cell created by the fusion of a male gamete (from the father) with a female gamete (from the mother).
A _____________ is the term used for the single cell created by the fusion of a male gamete (from the father) with a female gamete (from the mother).
zygote
The gradual transformation of a single cell into a functional adult, over 15 to 20 years, is the process of _________________, which is directed by hormones of the reproductive system.
The gradual transformation of a single cell into a functional adult, over 15 to 20 years, is the process of _________________, which is directed by hormones of the reproductive system.
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The reproductive system includes each of the following components EXCEPT:
The reproductive system includes each of the following components EXCEPT:
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In both males and females, the reproductive system ducts are connected to chambers and passageways, constituting the ____________________, that open to the exterior of the body.
In both males and females, the reproductive system ducts are connected to chambers and passageways, constituting the ____________________, that open to the exterior of the body.
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In adult males, the testes secrete sex hormones called:
In adult males, the testes secrete sex hormones called:
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During emission, mature spermatozoa travel along a lengthy duct system where they are mixed with secretions of accessory glands forming:
During emission, mature spermatozoa travel along a lengthy duct system where they are mixed with secretions of accessory glands forming:
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In adult human females, the ovaries (female gonads) typically release only one immature gamete, called an oocyte, per:
In adult human females, the ovaries (female gonads) typically release only one immature gamete, called an oocyte, per:
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The immature oocyte travels along short uterine tubes, ending in a muscular organ called the uterus, and a short passageway called the _________________ connects the uterus with the exterior.
The immature oocyte travels along short uterine tubes, ending in a muscular organ called the uterus, and a short passageway called the _________________ connects the uterus with the exterior.
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During sexual intercourse, ejaculation of the male introduces semen into the vagina and the _____________________ ascend the female reproductive tract and if a sperm reaches the oocyte in the uterus the process of fertilization is initiated.
During sexual intercourse, ejaculation of the male introduces semen into the vagina and the _____________________ ascend the female reproductive tract and if a sperm reaches the oocyte in the uterus the process of fertilization is initiated.
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After initiation of fertilization, the oocyte matures into an ovum, and the uterus is enclosed to support the next step of development into a:
After initiation of fertilization, the oocyte matures into an ovum, and the uterus is enclosed to support the next step of development into a:
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Proceeding from a male testis, spermatozoa travel within each of the following except:
Proceeding from a male testis, spermatozoa travel within each of the following except:
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Accessory organs of the male reproductive system, which secrete various fluids into the ejaculatory ducts and urethra, include each of the following except:
Accessory organs of the male reproductive system, which secrete various fluids into the ejaculatory ducts and urethra, include each of the following except:
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The male external genitalia consists of the:
The male external genitalia consists of the:
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In the testes, __________________________ are responsible for the production of androgens, the dominant sex hormones in males.
In the testes, __________________________ are responsible for the production of androgens, the dominant sex hormones in males.
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Spermatozoa are generated by the process of spermatogenesis, which involves three integrated processes in the following order:
Spermatozoa are generated by the process of spermatogenesis, which involves three integrated processes in the following order:
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Spermatogonia (stem cells) divide by ________________ to produce daughter cells, some of which differentiate into primary spermatocytes.
Spermatogonia (stem cells) divide by ________________ to produce daughter cells, some of which differentiate into primary spermatocytes.
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Meiosis is a special form of cell division involved in gamete production, where gametes contain:
Meiosis is a special form of cell division involved in gamete production, where gametes contain:
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In the seminiferous tubules, meiotic divisions that begin with primary spermatocytes produce:
In the seminiferous tubules, meiotic divisions that begin with primary spermatocytes produce:
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Spermatozoa are among the least specialized cells in the body.
Spermatozoa are among the least specialized cells in the body.
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The principal organs of the female reproductive system include each of the following EXCEPT the:
The principal organs of the female reproductive system include each of the following EXCEPT the:
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Which of the following functions do the ovaries not perform:
Which of the following functions do the ovaries not perform:
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The interior tissues, or _________________, of the ovary can be divided into: (a) superficial cortex (where gametes are produced); and (b) deeper medulla.
The interior tissues, or _________________, of the ovary can be divided into: (a) superficial cortex (where gametes are produced); and (b) deeper medulla.
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Oogenesis (or ovum production), begins before a woman's birth, accelerates at puberty, and ends at menopause, and between puberty and menopause, oogenesis occurs monthly as part of the:
Oogenesis (or ovum production), begins before a woman's birth, accelerates at puberty, and ends at menopause, and between puberty and menopause, oogenesis occurs monthly as part of the:
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The female stem cells, oogonia (unlike spermatogonia) complete their ______________ divisions before birth.
The female stem cells, oogonia (unlike spermatogonia) complete their ______________ divisions before birth.
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Between the __________________ of female fetal development, the daughter cells (primary oocytes), prepare to undergo meiosis.
Between the __________________ of female fetal development, the daughter cells (primary oocytes), prepare to undergo meiosis.
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After undergoing the first steps of meiosis the process comes to a halt and the primary oocytes remain in a state of suspended development until the individual reaches puberty when rising levels of _______________________ trigger the start of ovulation.
After undergoing the first steps of meiosis the process comes to a halt and the primary oocytes remain in a state of suspended development until the individual reaches puberty when rising levels of _______________________ trigger the start of ovulation.
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Not all primary oocytes produced during development will survive until puberty and while the ovaries have around 2 million primordial follicles at birth (each containing a primary oocyte), degeneration by a process called ____________ results in a drop in this number to around 400,000 by puberty.
Not all primary oocytes produced during development will survive until puberty and while the ovaries have around 2 million primordial follicles at birth (each containing a primary oocyte), degeneration by a process called ____________ results in a drop in this number to around 400,000 by puberty.
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The follicular phase is also known as the:
The follicular phase is also known as the:
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Which step occurs AFTER ovulation?
Which step occurs AFTER ovulation?
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The menstrual (uterine) cycle averages 28 days in length in humans and can be divided into three stages in which order:
The menstrual (uterine) cycle averages 28 days in length in humans and can be divided into three stages in which order:
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During menses there is a degeneration (and progressive loss) of the functional zone of the endometrium, which is sloughed by a process called:
During menses there is a degeneration (and progressive loss) of the functional zone of the endometrium, which is sloughed by a process called:
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In the days after menses, there is a functional reorganization for restoration of the functional zone of the endometrium, stimulated and sustained by:
In the days after menses, there is a functional reorganization for restoration of the functional zone of the endometrium, stimulated and sustained by:
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The secretory phase of the uterine cycle lasts around:
The secretory phase of the uterine cycle lasts around:
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The activity of the female reproductive tract is under hormonal control, involving an inter-play between secretions of both the ____________________ and the gonads to co-ordinate the ovarian and uterine cycles.
The activity of the female reproductive tract is under hormonal control, involving an inter-play between secretions of both the ____________________ and the gonads to co-ordinate the ovarian and uterine cycles.
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Which of the following is NOT an estrogen circulating in the bloodstream:
Which of the following is NOT an estrogen circulating in the bloodstream:
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Each of the estrogens have similar effects on target tissues and these include each of the following EXCEPT:
Each of the estrogens have similar effects on target tissues and these include each of the following EXCEPT:
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Mammary glands are specialized organs of the female integumentary system that are controlled mainly by hormones of the reproductive system and by the __________________, a temporary structure that provides the embryo or fetus with nutrients.
Mammary glands are specialized organs of the female integumentary system that are controlled mainly by hormones of the reproductive system and by the __________________, a temporary structure that provides the embryo or fetus with nutrients.
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______________________, usually defined as the time that ovulation and menstruation cease, is accompanied by a decline in circulating concentrations of estrogen and progesterone and a sharp sustained rise in the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).
______________________, usually defined as the time that ovulation and menstruation cease, is accompanied by a decline in circulating concentrations of estrogen and progesterone and a sharp sustained rise in the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).
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Study Notes
Human Reproductive System
- The human reproductive system produces, stores, nourishes and transports male and female gametes (sperm and egg)
- Fertilization occurs when a male gamete (sperm) unites with a female gamete (egg) forming a zygote.
- Development is the gradual transformation of a single cell into a functional adult guided by hormones during a 15-20 year period.
Components of the Human Reproductive System
- The reproductive system includes gonads, ducts, accessory glands and organs.
- The ducts connect the gonads to chambers and passageways known as the reproductive tract that opens to the exterior of the body.
Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system's primary function is the production of sperm and the delivery of sperm to the female reproductive system.
- Testes, the male gonads, secrete androgens, including testosterone (the primary male sex hormone).
- Testosterone is responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics during puberty including deeper voice, body hair, and muscle mass.
- During emission, spermatozoa travel through a lengthy duct system and mix with secretions from accessory glands to form semen.
- Accessory glands include:
- Seminal Vesicles: Secretes a viscous fluid that provides nourishment for sperm.
- Prostate Gland: Secretes a milky fluid that helps neutralize vaginal acidity.
- Bulbourethral Glands: Secretes a fluid that lubricates the urethra and aids in sperm transport.
- External genitalia consists of the scrotum and penis.
- The scrotum houses the testes and regulates their temperature for optimal sperm production.
- The penis delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract during intercourse.
Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogenesis refers to the production of sperm.
- Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and involves three stages:
- Mitosis: The stem cells (spermatogonia) divide mitotically producing daughter cells that differentiate into primary spermatocytes.
- Meiosis: Primary spermatocytes divide meiotically resulting in haploid spermatids with 23 chromosomes (half the normal set).
- Spermiogenesis: Final stage where spermatids undergo significant morphological alterations transforming into mature spermatozoa.
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system's primary function is the production of eggs and the support of fetal development.
- The primary organs of the female reproductive system are the ovaries, uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), uterus, and vagina.
- The ovaries are the female gonads that produce immature gametes (oocytes) and secrete female sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone).
- The uterine tubes transport the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus.
- The uterus is a muscular organ that houses the developing fetus.
- The vagina serves as a passageway for sperm entry and as a birth canal.
Oogenesis
- Oogenesis is the process of egg (ovum) production in ovaries.
- Begins before a woman's birth and accelerates at puberty, ending at menopause.
- Between puberty and menopause, oogenesis occurs monthly as part of the ovarian cycle.
- The stem cells (oogonia) complete their mitotic divisions before birth.
- During fetal development, daughter cells (primary oocytes) prepare for meiosis.
- Meiosis begins but is halted at prophase I, remaining suspended until puberty.
- Rising levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) at puberty trigger ovulation.
- Ovaries contain around 2 million primordial follicles at birth, but degeneration (atresia) reduces the number to around 400,000 by puberty.
Ovarian Cycle
- The ovarian cycle is a monthly series of events leading to the release of an egg (ovulation).
- It's divided into three phases:
- Follicular phase (preovulatory phase): Primary follicles mature into secondary and tertiary follicles.
- Ovulation: The mature egg (oocyte) is released from the ovary.
- Luteal phase (postovulatory phase): The empty follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone.
Uterine Cycle (Menstrual Cycle)
- The uterine (menstrual) cycle is a monthly series of changes in the lining of the uterus (endometrium).
- It averages 28 days and is synchronized with the ovarian cycle.
- Divided into three phases:
- Menses: The functional zone of the endometrium is shed, resulting in menstrual bleeding.
- Proliferative phase: The endometrium is rebuilt under the influence of estrogen.
- Secretory phase: The endometrium thickens further in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg, under the influence of progesterone.
Hormonal Regulation of the Reproductive System
- The female reproductive tract is under hormonal control, involving an interplay between hormones from the pituitary gland and the gonads, which coordinate the ovarian and uterine cycles.
- Estrogens: Produced by the ovaries, stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulate the uterine cycle.
- Progesterone: Also produced by the ovaries, helps maintain the uterine lining and prepare for pregnancy.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH): Produced by the pituitary gland, triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.
Menopause
- Menopause marks the cessation of ovulation and menstruation, accompanied by a decline in estrogen and progesterone levels.
- It results in a sharp rise in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), all of which lead to the depletion of ovarian follicles.
- The exact age for Menopause is usually around 50-55 years old.
Pregnancy
- Pregnancy begins with fertilization, where a sperm fertilizes an egg in the uterine tube.
- The fertilized egg forms a zygote, which then implants in the uterine lining.
- During pregnancy, the corpus luteum produces progesterone to maintain the uterine lining and support the growing fetus.
Mammary Glands
- Mammary glands are specialized organs in the female integumentary system, responsible for milk production.
- They are controlled by hormones of the reproductive system and the placenta, a temporary structure that provides nutrients to the fetus during pregnancy.
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Description
Explore the human reproductive system, including its structure and function. This quiz will cover the male and female gametes, fertilization, and the roles of various components like gonads and ducts. Understand key concepts related to hormone-guided development over time.
