Human Reproductive System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the fimbriae in the fallopian tubes?

  • To nourish the egg and embryo
  • To transport sperm to the egg
  • To assist in the ovulation process
  • To help capture the egg after ovulation (correct)

What role does mucus play in the oesophagus?

  • Helps food move down and protects from damage (correct)
  • Protects food from bacterial growth
  • Absorbs nutrients from food
  • Facilitates the transport of air

Where does the oesophagus start in the human body?

  • Behind the windpipe (trachea) (correct)
  • At the diaphragm
  • In the chest cavity
  • At the stomach

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?

<p>Breaking down food chemically and mechanically (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key muscles involved in controlling food movement in the oesophagus?

<p>Upper oesophageal sphincter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the stomach contribute to the digestion of food?

<p>By mixing food with digestive juices and holding it (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures does the oesophagus pass through?

<p>Trachea and aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aids in the movement of the egg within the fallopian tubes?

<p>Cilia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the heart's valves?

<p>To prevent backflow of blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

<p>Right atrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

<p>Tricuspid valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the heart valves when the heart contracts?

<p>They open to allow blood flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of blood flowing backwards in the heart?

<p>Decreased efficiency of the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly describes the flow of blood through the heart?

<p>Right atrium -&gt; Right ventricle -&gt; Left atrium -&gt; Left ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the left ventricle?

<p>Pump oxygenated blood to the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

<p>To activate the enzyme pepsin for protein digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of the stomach in digestion?

<p>It mechanically and chemically breaks down food for nutrient absorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the cusps of heart valves is true?

<p>They open and close with the heartbeat to control blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are villi and how do they aid in nutrient absorption?

<p>Finger-like projections that increase the intestinal surface area. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents the stomach acid from damaging the stomach lining?

<p>Mucus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of microvilli enhance nutrient absorption?

<p>They provide enzymes for further food breakdown. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pH level characterizes the acidic environment of the stomach?

<p>1.5 to 3.5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to food once it leaves the stomach?

<p>It enters the small intestine for nutrient absorption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is challenging for the stomach to digest?

<p>Proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the right atrium in the blood flow process?

<p>It receives deoxygenated blood and pushes it to the right ventricle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chambers of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood into the aorta?

<p>Left ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pulmonary artery in the circulatory system?

<p>It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in fighting bacterial infections?

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the aorta in the circulatory system?

<p>To carry oxygenated blood throughout the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of deoxygenated blood in the heart?

<p>Deoxygenated blood is received by the right atrium and moves to the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type is involved in allergic reactions and inflammation?

<p>Basophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood when it passes through the pulmonary veins?

<p>It is oxygenated and travels to the left atrium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of substances are filtered through the glomerular filtration membrane?

<p>Small molecules and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components does NOT pass through the glomerular filtration membrane?

<p>Red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in relation to blood filtration?

<p>To filter out waste products and retain necessary substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the glomerular filtration membrane described as selective?

<p>It only allows small particles to pass while retaining larger molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes what happens to the filtered fluid after passing through the glomerular filtration membrane?

<p>It undergoes further processing in the nephrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kept in the bloodstream during the filtration process?

<p>Large proteins like albumin and blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mnemonic can help remember the selective nature of the glomerular filtration membrane?

<p>Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is typically found in the filtrate after kidney filtration?

<p>Urea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the axon in a nerve cell?

<p>To transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of myelin in nerve cells?

<p>To insulate the axon and speed up signal transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron receives incoming messages?

<p>Dendrites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the gaps between the myelin sheaths called?

<p>Nodes of Ranvier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do axon terminals release to communicate with other neurons?

<p>Neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fimbriae function

Finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes that capture the egg after ovulation.

Fallopian Tube Cilia

Tiny hairs in the fallopian tubes that move the egg towards the uterus.

Oesophagus Function

Muscular tube connecting throat to stomach, transporting food, liquids, and saliva.

Oesophagus Muscle Contractions

Muscle contractions that push food down to the stomach during swallowing.

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Oesophagus Lining Mucus

Protects the oesophagus from damage and the acidic stomach environment, allowing food to move smoothly.

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Stomach Role in Digestion

Breaks down food mechanically and chemically for nutrient absorption.

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Stomach Mixing Action

The churning action of the stomach that mixes food with digestive juices.

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Oesophagus pathway

The oesophagus begins behind the windpipe, runs down the neck and chest, passes through the diaphragm, and connects to the stomach. It passes through important organs like the trachea, heart, and aorta.

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Heart Chambers

The heart has four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower).

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Heart Valves

Four valves in the heart (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic) ensure one-way blood flow.

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Tricuspid Valve

Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, it prevents backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium.

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Pulmonary Valve

Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, it prevents backflow of blood from the artery to the ventricle.

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Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, preventing backflow from ventricle to the atrium.

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Chyme breakdown

Chyme is the partially digested food mixture formed in the stomach, and it's mechanically and chemically broken down through churning and secretions of enzymes and acid.

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Aortic Valve

Located between the left ventricle and the aorta, prevents backflow from the aorta to the ventricle.

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Stomach acid role

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach activates pepsin, a protein-digesting enzyme, kills germs, and creates the acidic environment needed for digestion.

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Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

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Stomach protection

Mucus protects the stomach lining from the corrosive effects of stomach acid.

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Blood Flow Direction

Heart valves ensure blood flows in one direction, preventing backflow.

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Small intestine villi

The small intestine's inner surface has finger-like projections called villi, maximizing the surface area for nutrient absorption.

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Small intestine microvilli

Villi are covered with even smaller projections called microvilli, further increasing surface area for nutrient absorption.

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Surface area absorption

An increased surface area in the small intestine allows for more efficient nutrient absorption from food.

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Protein digestion (stomach)

Pepsin is the main stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller components, ready for absorption in the small intestine.

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Absorption in small intestine

The nutrient absorption from food takes place primarily in the small intestine due to its large surface area (provided by villi and microvilli).

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What is a neuron?

A neuron is a specialized cell that transmits information throughout the nervous system using electrical and chemical signals.

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What does the cell body of a neuron do?

The cell body, or soma, is the control center of the neuron. It contains the nucleus and most of the cell's organelles where metabolic processes occur.

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What are dendrites?

Dendrites are short, branched extensions that receive incoming messages from other neurons or sensory receptors. These messages are electrical impulses.

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What is the function of the axon?

The axon is a long, thin fiber that sends electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

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What is myelin and what does it do?

Myelin is a fatty layer that covers the axon. It insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of electrical signals.

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Deoxygenated Blood Path

Blood returning to the heart from the body, low in oxygen.

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Right Atrium Function

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.

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Pulmonary Artery Function

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Oxygenated Blood Path

Blood returning to the heart from the lungs, high in oxygen.

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Left Ventricle Function

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

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Neutrophils

White blood cells that fight bacterial infections.

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Lymphocytes

White blood cells including B cells (antibodies) and T cells (infected cell killers).

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Monocytes

White blood cells that mature into macrophages to clean up dead cells.

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Glomerular Filtration Membrane

A filter in the kidney's glomerulus that allows some substances from the blood to pass into the filtrate (pre-urine), while keeping others in the blood.

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Filtered Substances

Small substances like water, electrolytes, waste products, and small molecules (e.g., glucose, urea, creatinine) that pass through the glomerular filtration membrane and into the filtrate.

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Substances Not Filtered

Larger molecules like blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) and large proteins (albumin, globulins) that stay in the blood.

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Filtrate

The fluid that results from the filtration process in the kidneys, containing substances that were filtered from the blood.

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Bowman's Capsule

The cup-shaped structure where the filtrate collects from the glomerulus.

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Kidney's role

To filter waste products, excess substances from blood, and maintain balance of bodily fluids and electrolytes.

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Nephrons

Microscopic functional units of the kidney, where the body decides what to keep (water, nutrients) or remove (urine).

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Glomerular Filtration

The process through which water and small solutes get filtered from the blood into the Bowman's capsule.

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Study Notes

Sperm Production

  • Sperm is produced inside the testes.
  • Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm development.

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

  • Testosterone (Males): Causes deeper voice, facial hair growth, increased bone density, broader shoulders.
  • Estrogen (Females): Stimulates breast development, wider hips, regulates menstrual cycles, and distributes fat.
  • Progesterone (Females): Works with estrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle and support pregnancy, involved in breast development and uterus preparation.
  • Growth Hormone (GH): Promotes overall growth and development of bones, muscles, and other tissues.
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) & Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Stimulate hormone production in both males and females. LH stimulates testosterone production (males), and estrogen in females; FSH supports sperm production (males) and egg maturation (females).
  • Dihydrotestosterone (DHT): Develops male characteristics, including facial and body hair, prostate development, and deepening of the voice.

Fallopian Tubes

  • Also known as uterine tubes or oviducts.
  • Transport eggs from ovaries to the uterus.
  • Provide the site for fertilization.
  • Fimbriae help capture the egg.
  • Cilia move the egg towards the uterus.
  • Support egg sustenance and passage.

Oesophagus

  • Muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) to the stomach.
  • Transports food, liquids, and saliva to the stomach.
  • Swallowing involves muscle contractions.
  • Mucus lines the oesophagus to protect from acid and damage.

Stomach Digestion

  • The stomach is a key digestive organ.
  • Mechanically mixes food (chyme) with digestive enzymes and acids.
  • Chemically breaks down proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
  • Stomach muscles churn the food.
  • Gastric juices contain enzymes and acids to break down food.

Acid Involved

  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl) helps break down protein.
  • HCl also kills germs and bacteria.

Small Intestine surface Area

  • The small intestine has a large surface area for efficient nutrient absorption.
  • The inner surface (called the mucosa) contains villi and microvilli, which significantly increase surface area.
  • Villi and microvilli increase absorption of nutrients like sugars, amino acids, fats, minerals, vitamins, etc.

Blood Composition

  • Plasma: Liquid part; carries nutrients, waste, hormones, gases.
  • Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. Haemoglobin carries oxygen.
  • White Blood Cells (WBCs): Fight infection (e.g., neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils).
  • Platelets: Help with blood clotting.

Heart Structure and Valves

  • The heart has four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower).
  • The heart has four valves: tricuspid, pulmonary, bicuspid, and aortic.
  • Valves prevent blood backflow ensuring one-way direction of blood flow.

Heart Blood Flow

  • Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium.
  • Blood travels through the right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium.
  • Blood travels through the left ventricle, aorta, and throughout the body.

White Blood Cells

  • Neutrophils: First responders to bacterial infections.
  • Lymphocytes: Include T-cells and B-cells. T-cells help fight infections, and B-cells produce antibodies.
  • Monocytes: Become macrophages; clean up dead cells.
  • Eosinophils: Part of the immune response to parasites and involved in allergic reactions.
  • Basophils: Release histamine and heparin, involved in allergic reactions and inflammation.

Kidney Filtration

  • Glomerular filtration membrane filters substances in the blood.
  • Membranes filter primarily water, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, glucose, uric acid, and some small molecules.
  • Blood cells, platelets, and most proteins stay in the blood.

Kidney Waste Products

  • Urea: A waste product of protein metabolism.
  • Creatinine: A waste product of muscle metabolism
  • Uric Acid: A waste product of purine metabolism, and if not properly filtered can cause gout.

Nervous Systems (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic)

  • Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): Part of the autonomic nervous system. Prepares the body for "fight or flight" situations. This includes increased heart rate, blood sugar, and other responses.
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS): Part of the autonomic nervous system. Involved in "rest and digest" processes. This includes decreased heart rate, digestive functions, and other responses.

Neuron Structure

  • Cell Body (Soma): Contains nucleus and organelles.
  • Dendrites: Branch-like projections that receive signals from other neurons and sensory receptors
  • Axon: A long fiber that carries signals away from the cell body.
  • Axon Terminals (Synaptic Terminals): Release neurotransmitters.

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Explore the fascinating processes of sperm production and the impact of hormones on secondary sexual characteristics in males and females. This quiz reviews spermatogenesis and the roles of testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and growth hormones. Test your knowledge on how these factors contribute to human growth and development.

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